Indium application

Chan, T. H. Isaac, M.B. (1996) Organometallic-type reactions in aqueous media mediated by indium application to the synthesis of carbohydrates. Pure Appl. Chem., 68,919-24. 

Aluminium anodes comprise essentially three generic types Al-Zn-In, Al-Zn-Hg and Al-Zn-Sn. Since Al-Zn-Sn alloys have largely been superseded, they will not be discussed further. Indium and mercury are added to aluminium to act as activators, i.e. to overcome the natural passivation of aluminium. Despite this, aluminium anodes are not suitable for low chloride environments which would lead to passivation. These anodes are therefore not used for land-based applications (although examples of use in environments such as swamps do exist). Similarly their use in low chloride aqueous environments such as estuaries must be viewed with caution. 

Ca, Co, Ni, Pb, and Bi in single or combined application, with or without small amounts of mercury. The probably most important patents are cited in Ref. [211. Finally, the research and development activities led to a zinc quality, which is specified as "no mercury added" (nobody dares to claim "zero mercury"). Commercial zinc powders frequently contain a combination of indium, lead, and bismuth in variable concentrations up to 500 ppm each [25]. 

Babu G., Perumal P. T. Synthetic Applications of Indium Trichloride Catalyzed Reactions Aldrichimica Acta 2000 33 16-22... 

Metallo-organic CVD (MOCVD) is a specialized area of CVD, which is a relatively newcomer, as its first reported use was in the 1960s for the deposition of indium phosphide and indium anti-monide. These early experiments demonstrated that deposition of critical semiconductor materials could be obtained at lower temperature than conventional thermal CVD and that epitaxial growth could be successfully achieved. The quality and complexity of the equipment and the diversity and purity of the precursor chemicals have steadily improved since then and MOCVD is now used on a large scale, particularly in semiconductor and opto-electronic applications.91P1... 

LED materials include gallium arsenic phosphide, gallium aluminum arsenide, gallium phosphide, gallium indium phosphide, and gallium aluminum phosphide. The preferred deposition process is MOCVD, which permits very exacting control of the epitaxial growth and purity. Typical applications of LED s are watches, clocks, scales, calculators, computers, optical transmission devices, and many others. 

Sn02 and indium tin oxide (ITO) for conductive transparent coatings on glass for electromagnetic interference (EMI) applications. 

In synthetic applications, Li et al. examined the propargylation-allenylation of carbonyl compounds by using a variety of metals including Sn, Zn, Bi, Cd, and In.203 By using the indium-mediated allenylation reaction, Li and co-workers developed the synthesis of the antiviral, antitumor compound (+)-goniofufurone (Scheme 8.22),204 a key component isolated from the Asian trees of the genus Goniothalamus,205 and other styryl lactone derivatives (Eq. 8.80). 

The low-melting-point (157 °C), silver metal is mainly used in alloys to decrease the melting point. Combined with tin, lead, and bismuth to produce soldering metal for wide temperature ranges. The element is highly valuable in the electronics age as its unique properties are ideal for solar cells, optoelectronics, and microwave equipment. The arsenide is used in lasers and is also suitable for transistors. ITO (indium tin oxide) is a transparent semiconductor with wide application in displays, touchscreens, etc. In the household, indium as an additive prevents the tarnishing of silverware. Some electronic wristwatches contain indium batteries. 

The development of chemistry itself has progressed significantly by analytical findings over several centuries. Fundamental knowledge of general chemistry is based on analytical studies, the laws of simple and multiple proportions as well as the law of mass action. Most of the chemical elements have been discovered by the application of analytical chemistry, at first by means of chemical methods, but in the last 150 years mainly by physical methods. Especially spectacular were the spectroscopic discoveries of rubidium and caesium by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, indium by Reich and Richter, helium by Janssen, Lockyer, and Frankland, and rhenium by Noddack and Tacke. Also, nuclear fission became evident as Hahn and Strassmann carefully analyzed the products of neutron-bombarded uranium. 

Alloys are mixtures of metals combined to obtain specific characteristics and enhanced properties for a particular application. The term fusible metals or fusible alloys denotes a group of alloys that have melting points below that of tin (232°C, 449°F). Most of these substances are mixtures of metals that by themselves have relatively low melting points, such as tin, bismuth (m.p. 275°C), indium (157°C),... 

Indium and gallium coordination compounds containing phosphine ligands have recently aroused interest for their widespread application as intermediates in the preparation of the Group 13 - Group 14 semiconductors [4], Since the early reports about compounds with transition metal-indium bonds [51, relatively little research has been reported in this field. However there is a growing interest in the coordination chemistry and structural features of heterometallic indium [6] and gallium complexes [7] which are also attractive as potential precursors of new materials with particular properties. 

Investigation of the coordination of tetradentate N2S2 ligands has been reported for gallium and indium.79 This type of chelate had previously been incorporated into many technetium complexes for biomedical applications. 

The related metastable material ZnIn2S4, which has potential applications as a photoconductor material, was deposited using LP-MOCVD at 400 °C from the indium-zinc precursor [(Et)2In(S2CNEt2)Zn(Et)(S2CNEt2)].335... 

Methods for the preparation of tris(0-ethyl dithiocarbonato) complexes of chromium(III), indium(III), and cobalt(III) are presented and serve to illustrate procedures applicable to the preparation of O-alkyl dithiocarbonato, alkyl trithiocarbonato, iV,A7-dialkyldithiocarbamato, and 0,0 -dialkyl dithiophosphato complexes of several metals. 

The above-mentioned method is effective in identifying the molecules of detected ions. However, because PVDF film is not permeable to light, it is difficult to observe tissue sections. To resolve this problem, we developed a method to fix tissue sections on transparent film, and then performed MS on those sections.6 We used a conductive film because we expected the ionization efficiency would increase when the electric charge accumulation on the sample was reduced. The film used for this purpose was a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with a thickness of 75-125 pm, having a 5 15-nm-thick layer of evaporated oxidation indium tin (ITO) upon it (ITO film). This film is used in touch-panel displays because of its high transparency and superior conductivity. We used it to perform MS/MS for tissue sections and succeeded in identifying multiple proteins from mass spectra.6 Therefore, the further development of this method will enable the application of the mass-microscopic method to observe tissue by optical microscope and to perform tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) at the observation part, simultaneously, enabling the identification of molecules included the part. 

Figure 15.17 An amino-PEG-pyrrolidine derivative of carbon nanotubes can be used to couple metal chelating groups, such as DTPA. Subsequent coordination of mIn results in an indium chelate that can be used for imaging applications.

Electrocatalysis in oxidation has apparently first been shown for ascorbic acid oxidation by Prussian blue [60] and later by nickel hexacyanoferrate [61]. More valuable for analytical applications was the discovery in the early 1990s of the oxidation of sulfite [62] and thiosulfate [18, 63] at nickel [62, 63] and also ferric, indium, and cobalt [18] hexacyanoferrates. More recently electrocatalytic activity in thiosulfate oxidation was shown also for zinc [23] hexacyanoferrate. Prussian blue-modified electrodes allowed sulfite determination in wine products [64], which is important for the wine industry. 

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite were found to be oxidized by Prussian blue and indium hexacyanoferrate-modified electrodes [75-77], For pharmaceutical application oxidation of isoprenaline [78] and vitamin B-6 [79] at cupric hexacyanoferrate-modified electrodes was shown. 

Very recently, even transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), such as indium-tin-oxide (ITO), have been prepared using suitable KLE templates.59 As one potential application, such porous TCOs (ZnO, etc.) are interesting for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. In general, such porous electrodes cover a variety of potential electro-optical applications, because they are both conducting and transparent. 

However, the applications of the phenomenon of the modal transition are not limited to the chemical sensing field. Indeed, cladding etching and an HRI layer of sputtered indium tin oxide were exploited to achieve an LPG-based tunable filter with a large tuning range and with limited reduction in the loss peak65. 

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