Trichloride, indium

The use of indium in acpieous solution has been reported by Li and co-workers as a new tool in org nometallic chemistry. Recently Loh reported catalysis of the Mukaiyama-aldol reaction by indium trichloride in aqueous solution". Fie attributed the beneficial effect of water to a eg tion phenomena in connection with the high internal pressure of this solvenf This woric has been severely criticised by... 

In summary, the groups of Espenson and Loh observe catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions involving monodentate reactants by Lewis acids in water. If their observations reflect Lewis-acid catalysis, involvirg coordination and concomitant activation of the dienophile, we would conclude that Lewis-acid catalysis in water need not suffer from a limitation to chelating reactants. This conclusion contradicts our observations which have invariably stressed the importance of a chelating potential of the dienophile. Hence it was decided to investigate the effect of indium trichloride and methylrhenium trioxide under homogeneous conditions. 

Halides. Indium trichloride [10025-83-8] InCl, can be made by heating indium in excess chlorine or by chlorinating lower chlorides. It is a white crystalline soHd, deUquescent, soluble in water, and has a high vapor pressure. InCl forms chloroindates, double salts with chlorides of alkaLi metals, and organic bases. 

In a separate report, preparation of the lithium enolate of 31 in the presence of indium trichloride and benzaldehyde provided a 77% yield of 32 with complete trans selectivity however, sequential addition of indium trichloride and benzaldehyde provided Barbier-type products. Organotin enolates have also been used in a Darzens-type... 

Indium trichloride has been found to catalyze the synthesis of tetrasubstituted... 

Recently, solvent-free Skraup/Doebner-von Miller reactions have been developed under microwave radiation. For example, aniline 34 and enone 35 are reacted in the presence of silica gel impregnated with indium trichloride to give the corresponding quinoline 36 in good yield. It was subsequently shown that both electron-rich and electron-poor anilines undergo cyclization in a similar fashion. 

Imino Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by indium trichloride (InCIs). Facile synthesis of quinoline and phenanthridinone derivatives [106]... 

Indium trichloride [30] and methylrhenium trioxide [31] catalyze the aqueous Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and acrylates with cyclic and open-chain dienes. Some examples of the cycloaddition of methyl vinyl ketone with 1,3-cyclohexadiene are reported in Scheme 6.18. MeReOs does not give satisfactory yields for acroleins and methyl vinyl ketones with substituents at the jS-position and favors the self-Diels-Alder reaction of diene. 

Babu G., Perumal P. T. Synthetic Applications of Indium Trichloride Catalyzed Reactions Aldrichimica Acta 2000 33 16-22... 

Catalysts such as Fe(BuEtCHC02)3 have been d eloped that are effective for the heteroatom Diels-Alder reaction. Indium trichloride (InCls) is a good catalyst for imino-Diels-Alder reactions. Hetero-Diels-Alder reactions involving carbonyls have been done in water. Ultrasound has been used to promote the Diels-Alder reactions of 1-azadienes. ... 

Among the unique features of Sc(03SCF3)3 is its ability to function as a catalyst in hydroxylic solvents. Other dienophiles, including (V-acryloyloxazolidinones, also are subject to catalysis by Sc(03SCF3)3. Indium trichloride is another Lewis acid that can act as a catalyst in aqueous solution.40... 

Cho et al. reported a indium trichloride-catalyzed intramolecular Prins-type reactions of compounds having both the functionalities of homoallyl alcohol and acetal moiety. The intramolecular Prins cycliza-tions were performed using indium trichloride in chloroform or 25%... 

Allylation of the C-3 position of the cephem nucleus was accomplished by either indium-mediated or indium trichloride-promoted tin-mediated allylation reactions in aqueous media. Both methods gave 3-allyl-3-hydroxycephams in moderate to excellent yields.149... 

Palladium catalyzes allylation of carbonyl compounds with various ally lie compounds using In-InCl3 in aqueous media (Eq. 8.66).158 Various allylic compounds can be effectively applied via the formation of TT-allylpalladium(II) intermediates and their transmetalation with indium in the presence of indium trichloride in aqueous media. 

Indium trichloride349-351 is a mild Lewis acid that is effective for various kinds of Lewis-acid-catalyzed reactions such as Diels-Alder reactions (Scheme 85), aldol reactions, and Friedel Crafts reactions. Since indium trichloride is stable in water, several aqueous reactions have been investigated (Scheme 85) indium(III) triflate is also used as a Lewis acid. 

Loh, T.R, Pei, J., and Lin, M. (1996) Indium trichloride (InCl 3) catalysed Diels-Alder reaction in water. Chem. Comm. 2315-2316. 

Both benzylic and secondary aliphatic alcohols are reduced with the combination of Ph2ClSiH and a catalytic amount of indium trichloride. This combination... 

T.-P. Loh, J. Pei, M. Lin, Indium Trichloride (InCl l) Catalyzed Diels-Alder Readion in Water Chem. Commun. 1996,2315-2316. 

Indium-tin-oxide anode, 22 215, 216 Indium trichloride, 14 197, 201 Indo-3-lyl acetic acid, 13 284 Indole-3-acetic acid, 13 35, 38. See also Indoleacetic acids (IAAs) Indole-3-butyric acid, 13 25t... 

Fig. 2. The variation of the enthalpies of solution of lanthanide trichlorides and, for comparison, indium trichloride (dashed line), with acid concentration in aqueous hydrochloric acid, at 25°C (182b).

The reaction of toluene solutions of indium trichloride and tris(trimethylsilyl)arsine resulted in the formation of a very fine dark-brown powder subsequently annealed up to 400°C to drive to completion the elimination of trimethyl-silyl-chloride. Nanocrystalline InAs was obtained. Similar reactions with InBr3 and Inl3 and P compounds have been discussed. Previously a similar reaction was described by Uchida et al. (1993) (reaction of indium acetylacetonate with tris(trimethylsilyl)arsine in refluxing triglyme). Subsequently the reaction with InCl3 was used by Guzelian et al. (1996) in the preparation of nano-crystal quantum dots. They compared different preparation methods and techniques useful to isolate specific size distributions. 

Typically, indium trichloride with excess As oxide and metal Zn powder were mixed in an aqueous HC1 solution, which was sealed in a stainless Teflon-lined autoclave. This was heated at 120°C for 18-24 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. The black product was washed with carbon disulfide, anhydrous methanol and distilled water and desiccated in vacuum. The residue was etched and dispersed in an -butanol dilute solution of HF and water, stirred and centrifugally separated. In the final product, spherical InAs nano-crystals were obtained. 

Indium trichloride (In + 3C1 —> InCy. Hazardous keep container closed. 

Naphthalene-based bifunctional Lewis acids that involve boron and a heavier group 13 element have also been prepared starting from the boron/tin derivative 30 (Scheme 15). Thus, the transmetalation reaction of 30 with gallium trichloride or indium trichloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) results in high yields of l-(dichlorogallium)-8-(dimesitylboron)naphthalenediyl 35 and l-(dichloroindium)-8-(dimesitylboron)... 

Synonyms Indium sesquioxide indium trichloride indium nitrate indium antimonide indium arsenide indium phosphide... 

Blazka ME, Dixon D, Haskins E, et ah Pulmonary toxicity to intratracheally administered indium trichloride in Fischer 344 rats. Eundam Appl Toxicol 22 231-239, 1994... 

Effective catalysts include TiCL,57 SnCl4,58 (CH3)3Si03SCF3,59 and Bu2Sn03SCF3.60 61 Indium trichloride catalyzes Mukaiyama additions in aqueous solution. The reaction is best conducted by preforming the aldehyde-InCl3 complex and then adding the silyl enol ether and water. 

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