Cardiovascular disease risk indicator

Low-dose aspirin is also indicated for primary prevention of MI or stroke when the estimated 10-year cardiovascular disease risk is 20% or greater. 

Numerous studies have examined fish consumption and cardiovascular disease risk, and there are strong indications of protective effects of fish. These effects could be due to a number of components in fish, such as omega-3 fatty acids and selenium and might also indicate a different style of eating (diets... 

Older adults are at increased risk for adverse reactions from the antineoplastic drugs because of the increased incidence of chronic disease, particularly renal impairment or cardiovascular disease. When renal impairment is present, a lower dosage of the antineoplastic may be indicated. Creatinine clearance isused to monitor renal function in the older adult. Blood creatinine levels are likely to be inaccurate because of a decreased muscle mass in the older adult. 

Cardiovascular events There have been rare reports following administration of botulinum toxin type A for other indications of adverse events involving the cardiovascular system, including arrhythmia and Ml, some with fatal outcomes. Some of these patients had risk factors including pre-existing cardiovascular disease. 

Rosmond and Bjorntorp also addressed the potential effect of HPA axis activity on established anthropometric, metabolic, and hemodynamic risk factors for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and stroke [112], Strong and consistent correlations were found not only within but also between different clusters of risk factors, including lipid profiles [110]. The close association to HPA axis abnormality may explain the previously reported powerful risk indication of abdominal obesity for the diseases mentioned under environmental stress challenges [112]. 

For adults, measurement of waist circumference is an easy and accurate indicator of upper body or abdominal adiposity. A waist circumference greater than 102 cm (40 inches) for men and greater than 88 cm (35 inches) for women is indicative of increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Comparable standards are not available for children and teens. 

There is strong evidence that beta-blockers can reduce mortality by up to 23% post myocardial infarction. Beta-blockers should be used to reduce the risk of further cardiovascular disease events irrespective of whether the blood pressure is raised or not. There is no evidence that any beta-blocker is more effective than another in secondary prevention, hence a beta-blocker which is well tolerated and that can be taken once or twice daily should be used. Atenolol, bisoprolol or metoprolol are suitable agents. These agents are not specifically licensed post myocardial infarction but all are licensed for angina and the doses for this indication should be used i.e. 

Amino acids (AA) have also been studied on microdevices for development of microclinical analysis devices. In urine, normal ranges for standard amino acids and their metabolites range from 0 to 24 mM, with abnormal concentrations indicative of a number of disease states. Plasma concentrations of certain amino acids can also be used for disease detection. Elevated homocysteine levels in plasma is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Microdevices employing end-column amperometric detection were used for the determination... 

It is less likely in other forms of liver disease, such as acute hepatitis and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis may actually protect against atherosclerosis [5, 8, 9]. The reasons for this are not clear. Secondary hypercholesterolaemia frequently occurs in cholestatic conditions, but usually does not require treatment [10]. Other risk factors for hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease should be assessed, as their presence may independently indicate a need for medical intervention [9]. In PBC, patients with severe, chronic disease do not appear to have an increased cardiovascular risk as a result of their hypercholesterolaemia this may be due to the presence of cirrhosis. In contrast, in less severe PBC... 

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