India, retailing

An all India primary survey on the lamp users indicates that average replacement rate per household per year for CFLs and FTLs is about 1.26 and 1.05, respectively. The survey also indicated that majority of consumers are not willing to take the direct responsibility in funding system, therefore, a decentralized system of collection should work in Indian conditions. The recovery chain has to be clearly established with incentive-based roles identified for household consumers, retailers, and junk dealers. Further, the onward linkages must be assured so that the collected wastes are recycled and residues adequately disposed of. 

Sample Collection Ten rice samples of Italian origin (five of which were parboiled) and 11 samples from Asian countries were obtained from Italian retailers. The Asian samples were from China (three), Thailand (two), Bangladesh (two), Sri Lanka (one), India (one), Pakistan (one), and Philippines (one). 

Kulkarni MA, Arankalle VA (2008) The detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus in pig livers from retail markets of India. Med Virol 80(8) 1387-1390 Labrique AB, Thomas DL, Stoszek SK, Nelson KE (1999) Hepatitis E an emerging infectious disease. Epidemiol Rev 21(2) 162-179... 

The production of pharmaceuticals can be measured best in terms of retail pharmaceutical sales rather than actual amounts of the drugs, since in some cases the measure is not a matter of weight but of units of production. The domestic sale of drugs in 1948 was 12,000,000, in 1976 it was 771,000,000. This represents an increase of 540% in a little less than 30 years. The potential for increase in the pharmaceutical industry is great when the per capita consumption of drugs is considered to be in the order of 1.00 (based on retail sales in India) as compared with almost 40.00 in the United States. The planning for the next plan period, the 6th, calls for an increase of 750,000,000 at current prices, which is nearly double (18, 20). 

As expected, apparel manufacturers in countries such as Africa and Latin America whose export competitiveness heavily rehed on the quota system have lost market shares, whereas apparel manufacturers in countries such as India and China have gained appreciation. A number of countries such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Honduras have maintained or increased their market shares (Frederick and Gereffi, 2011). Apparel sourcing by retailers in the US and EU from regional suppliers has decreased due to the rapid growth in the procurement from low-cost Asian countries. 

In Africa, South Africa banned household lead paint with >600 ppm Pb, effective March 2009. In China, India, and Thailand, despite regulations controlling lead paints, retail outlets were marketing Pb paints >600 ppm Pb in recent years (Clark et al., 2006). 

But if the entire process from cotton growing and mass production in India and delivery to UK retailers is considered the footprint would rise significantly. 

Marks Spencer (M S), which is operating in a partnership with Reliance Retail, has marked India as its single most important market , where it plans to implement its Plan A to combat green challenges . 

M S is ensuring compliance of all the norms, and is taking such measures as conducting regular audits of its warehouses. The retailer has claimed that currently 61% of the clothing sold in India is sourced locally, up from the 55% sourced last year. 

M S Delhi outlets are sourced from its warehouse in Kundli, Haryana. With nearly half the fibre in M S products being cotton, the retailer plans to raise cotton sourcing from India to 64,000 tonnes. Currently, M S is... 

Retail Stores. Several programs deliver in-kind transfers to beneficiaries using food stamps or vouchers, for example, the public distribution system in India and the Food Stamp Program in the United States. Beneficiaries receive their allotted amount of food upon presenting the proper documents, namely, vouchers, passbooks, identity cards, or electronic cards. When the program uses cards, official ration shops or private retail shops can authorize or record the transactions using POS machines or terminals (described in box 5.13). 

Some countries distribute commodities through ration shops. In India, kerosene is distributed through the PDS using an elaborate institutional arrangement that includes state and district officials, wholesalers, and retailers (Gangopadhyay, Ramaswami, and Wadhwa 2005 Rehman and others 2005). 

McDonald s India has developed a special menu with vegetarian selections to suit Indian tastes and preferences. McDonald s does not offer any beef or pork items in India. The company established what is known as cold supply chain . The term Cold Chain describes the network for the procurement, warehousing, transportation and retailing of food products under controlled temperatures. McDonald s restaurants store products to be used on a daily basis, within a temperature range of -18°C to 4°C. About 52 per cent of our food products need to be stored under these conditions before they are used. 

Nonetheless in developed countries and progressively in the emerging giant economies of India and China most people have a computer at home or have access to a computer at work. In the USA alone by the end of2007 it is estimate that on-line retail sales, or more accurately e-tail sales will exceed 250 billion. 

Waking up to the Retail Revolution, The Times of India, 6 September 2006, p. 3. 

Customers in EE tend to buy in smaller quantities because of income and space limitations. Typical homes are small and so are retail stores and transportation vehicles. Small mom-and-pop stores cater to this need by delivering small quantities of products to a large number of locations. Upstream, the supply chain comprises a chain of wholesalers. The wholesalers as well as their delivery trucks become progressively small downstream and, in some cases, the vehicle for final delivery may well be a bicycle. Therefore in a country such as India, large multinational companies have a huge number of delivery points compared to that in an ME. 

Distribution refers to the steps taken to move and store a product from the supplier stage to a customer stage in the supply chain. Distribution occurs between every pair of stages in the supply chain. Raw materials and components are moved from suppliers to manufacturers, whereas finished products are moved from the manufacturer to the end consumer. Distribution is a key driver of the overall profitability of a firm because it affects both the supply chain cost and the customer value directly. In the apparel retail industry, for example, distribution affects about 35 percent of the revenue (including its influence on markdowns and lost sales). In India, the outbound distribution cost of cement is about 30 percent of the cost of producing and selling it. 

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