India Indian Ocean

Northeastern Tropical Pacific approximately 5—20° North latitude, 110—155° West longitude (25,26) ia the Central Indian Ocean south of India approximately 5—10° South latitude, 75—88° East longitude (27) ia the EEZ of the Cook Islands ia the South Pacific approximately 15—25° South latitude, 155—165° West longitude (28) and the Blake Plateau off the Adantic coast of the United States approximately 30—35° North latitude, 65—80° West longitude (29). 

Cycles established as statistically real are the familiar annual and diurnal radiation/temperature cycles, a quasibiennial (about every 2 years) fluctuation in various climatic elements, and the interannual variability of June rainfall in northern India. The first merely means that winters are cooler than summers and nights are cooler than days. Examples of the second cycle include Midwestern rainfall, a lengthy temperature record from central England, and winds over the western Paciflc and eastern Indian Ocean. According to Campbell et al (19), the third cycle may be a response to the monthly solar-lunar tide and its influence on the monsoon circulation. 

The end-Cretaceous mass mortality took place at a time, 65 My ago, that all major oceans were already in place, while India was still an island of the Indian Ocean. Perhaps caused by a great meteoric impact, this phenomenon brought extinction to the dinosaurs, leaving Earth fiiUy open to the expansion and diversification of mammals. 

As Mitra (2004) pointed out, the Indian oceanic experiment (INDOEX) was the first complex problem-oriented observational international program aimed mainly at studies of the aerosol-induced radiative and climatic forcing of regional and global climate that take respective feedbacks into account. The preliminary stage of the accomplishment of INDOEX began in 1996-1997, and the basic part of complex observations was accomplished in 1998-1999 with the participation of specialists from different countries (India, U.S.A., Western Europe, Mauritius, and the Maldives). The obtained results were based on the use of surface, ship, aircraft, and satellite observational means. 

Sarkar (1994), in a chapter on the occurrence and distribution of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons in the seas around India, stated that isomers of HCH, aldrin, dieldrin and PCBs occur in water of different regions of the Indian Ocean and surrounding seas with remarkable variations in the levels of DDT between the coastal and open ocean waters. PCBS were found to be relatively in higher amounts in the surface waters of southwest Indian Ocean than the eastern Indian Ocean which he has attributed to the larger input of these chemicals from the African coast. 

In DMS flux calculations it is assumed that DMS in air is negligible compared to that in seawater and therefore the concentration difference used in the flux calculation is essentially equal to DMS concentration in seawater. Figure 10 depicts variations in surface DMS flux in the coastal and open ocean areas of the Indian Ocean. The DMS fluxes from the coastal waters of India are lower than that from the open Ocean. Higher DMS fluxes in the central Indian Ocean are associated with higher DMS abundance and high wind speeds in winter of 1999. In the coastal areas the DMS flux varied between 0.04 pmol m-2 d 1 and... 

McCreary, J. P. Jr. (2006). The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean, and its impacts on biological activity. In International Workshop on Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecological Research, (Abstracts) 3—6 October. National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India, pp. 9—10. 

The enrichment of bromine in smaller particles was also noted by measurements over the Indian Ocean by Gabriel et al. (2002). They proposed that the reason for the accumulation of bromine in small particles close to the Indian coast could have been due to the continued use of leaded gasoline in India in 1999 which contains C2H4Br2 as an additive whose oxidation products can end up in particles (see also Duce et al. (1965) and Martens et al. (1973) and... 

MB24, and MB 11 occupied approximately the same locations as they did in the original model (Chatterton etai, 1991). Thus, apoB runs from the N terminus near MB 19 located on the coast of Colombia, 4° west of Bogota (5°N, 78°W) to MB24 above the Atlantic Ridge, 10° north of the equator (10°N, 36°W) to MBll off the coast of Uruguay, 6° east of Buenos Aires (35°S, 52°W) to 2D8 off the coast of Antarctica near Enderby Land (62°S, 50°E) to B4 in Queensland, Australia (25°S, 142°E) to B3 in the Indian Ocean off the southern tip of India, near the Maidive Islands (2°N, 75°E) to 4G3 in the Pacific Ocean, near Johnston Island southwest of Hawaii (19°N, 172°W) and to MB47 in the Pacific Ocean, near the Island of Clarion off the western coast of Mexico (21°N, 119°W) (J. E. Chatterton, et al. 1994.)... 

Figure 1. Ocean drainage basins of Asia (UNESCO, 1978 I boundaries of drainage basins, U—Boundaries of internal runoff regions HI—Arctic Ocean W—Pacific Ocean V Indian Ocean VI—Atlantic Ocean. I—Thar desert (India) 2—Arabian Peninsula 3—Dead Sea basin 4—Inland Anatolia (Turkey) 5—Central Asia 6—Kazakhstan and Middie Asia 7—Seistan depression and adjacent regions 8—Iranian highlands 9—Pre-Caspian area.

Ray, I. 1999. The French East India Company and the ttade of the Indian Ocean a collection of essays edited hy Lakshmi Subramanian. Munshiram Manoharial Publishers, New Delhi. 

The sea route from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean passes through the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. The air routes which link Europe with India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaya, South China, the Netherlands Indies and Australia are dependent on refueling bases in Palestine, Syria, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. 

The White House proceeded to exert pressure on the Soviets to restrain India, to encourage Pakistan to resist Indian aggression by diplomatic means and by a show of U.S. support, and to urge China to complicate the situation for India and the Soviet Union. Nixon sent a note to Brezhnev threatening to cancel the Soviet-American summit if Moscow did not help to end the war. Subsequently, he also warned that the United States would provide military assistance to Pakistan in accordance with their treaty.On 10 December, circumventing the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Kissinger directly ordered the preparation for a naval task force to sail to the Indian Ocean. 

Christopher Columbus reached America from Palos de la Frontera, a Spanish province. In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, reached India through the Indian Ocean from the Atiantic. 

Figure 15.8c At 118 Ma (Early Cretaceous) India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar started to move away from East Antarctica, thereby opening the Indian Ocean. The South Atlantic Ocean was also getting wider.

A broad distinction must be made between seawater in the tropics and that in more temperate climates. Temperate seawater is much less corrosive because the ocean temperature is much lower and the magnesium salts are therefore sufficient to act as inhibitors. There is a gradual change from one condition to the other. Harbor waters in India and other tropical areas were compared by Deshmukh (1987) local biofouling affects results. Tchemov and Ilyin (1987) regard calcium carbonate content as more signiEcant than temperature in the Indian Ocean. Higher corrosion rates are likely in polluted seawater. 

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