Indian Ocean experiment

As Mitra (2004) pointed out, the Indian oceanic experiment (INDOEX) was the first complex problem-oriented observational international program aimed mainly at studies of the aerosol-induced radiative and climatic forcing of regional and global climate that take respective feedbacks into account. The preliminary stage of the accomplishment of INDOEX began in 1996-1997, and the basic part of complex observations was accomplished in 1998-1999 with the participation of specialists from different countries (India, U.S.A., Western Europe, Mauritius, and the Maldives). The obtained results were based on the use of surface, ship, aircraft, and satellite observational means. 

INDian Oceanic Experiment International Nitrogen Initiative... 

INDOEX IPCC ITCZ Indian Ocean Experiment Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Intertropical Convergence Zone... 

K., Priestley, K., Prospero, J.M., Quinn, P.K., Rajeev, K., Rasch, P, Rupert, S., Sadourny, R., Satheesh, S.K., Shaw, GE., Sheridan, P and Valero, F.P.J. (2001). Indian Ocean experiment an integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 106, 28371-28398. 

Co-Chief Scientist of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) (with Prof. V. Ramanathan, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) (1999). 

D. Williams, J., 2001 The Indian Ocean Experiment Widespread Air Pollution from South to Southeast Asia , in Science, 291 1031-1036. 

The Indian Ocean Experiment Widespread Air Pollution from South and Southeast Asia... 

Ramanathan, V. et al., 1996 Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) (C publication 162, University of Cal-ifomia San Diego, CA). 

In my pre-Mainz life, I was involved in aircraft measurements, and Paul had turned me into a computer modeler, or perhaps something in-between. Actually we learned that this is a useful combination and a good basis for collaboration, also after my career continued elsewhere. One example is the Indian Ocean Experiment, planned with the climate change pioneer V. Ramanathan (Ram). We performed measurements with several instrumented aircraft, ships, and satellites and combined the results with computer modeling. This provided indisputable evidence of the environmental impacts of an atmospheric brown cloud with the dimension of several million square kilometers. This huge pollution haze was shown to not only affect air quality on a large scale, but also influence the monsoon and climate in South Asia. Later, several more brown clouds were identified, for example in East Asia. 

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