Satellite observations

Fig. 7-6 Satellite observations of global reflectivity for January 1967-1970. White indicates areas of persistent cloudiness and relatively high precipitation, except for northern Africa where desert surface regions are highly reflective. (From US Air Force and US Department of Commerce (1971). "Global Atlas of Relative Cloud Cover," 1967-1970, Washington.)...

Figure 32 (a) Examples of satellites observed in [0011 E D. patterns of PbBaYSrCuaO, [3,1] phase (b) the extra spots are dearly visible when the zone is slightly deviated from the exact orientation (c) schematic representation of the pattern, two sets of satellites are visible they are characteristic of 90" oriented domains basic spots at level 1/2 are represented as open circles, systems 1 and 2 (4 x dii()),. systems 3 and 4 (6 x d110). 

Gao, W., and M. L. Wesely, Modeling Gaseous Diy Deposition over Regional Scales with Satellite Observations. I. Model Development, Atmos. Environ., 29, 727-737 (1995). 

Hummel, J. R., and J. J. Olivero, 1976. Satellite observation of the mesospheric scattering layer and implied climatic consequences, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3177-3178. 

In 1985, the British Antarctic Survey reported that the total ozone in the Antarctic stratosphere had decreased by 50% in early spring, relative to levels observed in the preceding 20 years. Ground, airborne, and satellite observations have since shown that this ozone hole occurs only in early spring (Figure 1-1) and continued to deepen until the year 2000. 

We conclude that future satellite observations of SN 1987A with high sensitivity soft X-ray detectors should be critical in order to test the evolution theories of young neutron stars. This goal may very well be realized within the next 10 years, by the programs such as ROSAT, SXO, GRANAT, SPECTRA, and AXAF. 

Wauben, W.M.F., J.P.F. Fortuin, P.F.J. van Velthoven, and H. Kelder, 1997b Comparison of modeled ozone distributions with sonde and satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res. (in press). 

Satellite observations and calculations of the attenuation of UV flux at the earth s surface... 

Fig. 3 Visualisation of a future monitoring concept linking all available monitoring tools, fixed site measurements, mobile and flexible measurements, modelling and satellite observations...

Satellite observations of air pollutants and meteorology to derive information on parameters influencing urban air quality. 

Indeed, use of ion-molecule theory can relate the HOCO+ abundance to that of C02. In a similar vein, the recent laboratory measurement of a submillimeter line of H30+ at 307 GHz by Plummer et al. (1985) should enable astronomers to detect this species and deduce the H20 abundance. Although H20 has a dipole moment, it has few accessible rotational transition frequencies in the millimeter wave region, and these are heavily obscured by the atmospheric water content. Thus it has not been detected under normal excitation conditions. Submillimeter detection of H20 at 557 GHz is an alternative possibility to H30+, but will require airborne or even satellite observations due to atmospheric opacity. 

Myhre et al. (2004, 2005) performed comparisons of retrieval algorithms for AOT over the ocean using the data of satellite observations for 8 months (November 1996-June 1997) made with the AVHRR, OCTS, POLDER, and TOMS instrumentation. Comparisons revealed the presence of considerable differences (by a factor of 2 and more) between retrieved AOT values. Most substantial were differences in the Southern Hemisphere, and the cause of this was apparently insufficient reliability of cloud impact filtering. 

As Mitra (2004) pointed out, the Indian oceanic experiment (INDOEX) was the first complex problem-oriented observational international program aimed mainly at studies of the aerosol-induced radiative and climatic forcing of regional and global climate that take respective feedbacks into account. The preliminary stage of the accomplishment of INDOEX began in 1996-1997, and the basic part of complex observations was accomplished in 1998-1999 with the participation of specialists from different countries (India, U.S.A., Western Europe, Mauritius, and the Maldives). The obtained results were based on the use of surface, ship, aircraft, and satellite observational means. 

Comparison of the numerical modeling results with surface and satellite observational data revealed, on the whole, satisfactory agreement. With the contribution of anthropogenic aerosol neglected, the DEAD model adequately simulates, for... 

Having analyzed the data of SST satellite observations since 1982, Strong et al. (2000) noted a warming over a large part of the tropics and in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (with the global mean trend of +0.005°Cyr 1). Data on SAT in the Southern Hemisphere are less representative and reflect the existence of an opposite cooling trend (the problem of SST data variability needs a thorough study). 

Changes in albedo from data of satellite observations (2000-2004) -6... 

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