INDEX spleen

Ferritin is another protein that is important in the metabolism of iron. Under normal conditions, it stores iron that can be called upon for use as conditions require. In conditions of excess iron (eg, hemochromatosis), body stores of iron are greatly increased and much more ferritin is present in the tissues, such as the liver and spleen. Ferritin contains approximately 23% iron, and apoferritin (the protein moiety free of iron) has a molecular mass of approximately 440 kDa. Ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of 18.5 kDa, which surround in a micellar form some 3000-4500 ferric atoms. Normally, there is a little ferritin in human plasma. However, in patients with excess iron, the amount of ferritin in plasma is markedly elevated. The amount of ferritin in plasma can be conveniently measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay and serves as an index of body iron stores. 

Data on bioactivity on immunocompetent cells provide evidence that D-Ala-deltorphin-I potently (10-9 to 10-11 M) and persistently (up to 4 days) enhances Con A-induced mouse spleen cell proliferation [85]. The peptide increases uptake of thymidine and production of interferon--/ in phytohe-magglutinin-activated human lymphocytes [86] and is 100 times more potent than SNC80 in inhibiting the production of p24 antigen, an index of HIV-1 expression, in Jurkat cells stably transfected with a cDNA encoding for the delta-opiate receptor [87]. 

Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles accumulate in the liver (60-90% of the injected dose) and the spleen upon iv injection, with the macrophages in the liver being their major target. Nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin have shown a markedly enhanced therapeutic index in a number of animal tumor models. 

Normal values are as follows longitudinal extension 11-15 cm, longitudinal axis of the ellipsoid cross-section 7-10 cm, transverse axis 4-5 cm. The product of the normal mean values gives the CT spleen index, which correlates quite well with anatomical reality 11 X7X4cm = 308 (160-440). In computer tomography, the normal density of the spleen is 46 12 HU or 50 8 HU. 

Chronic Oral MRL for Methylmercury Hair levels are typically used as an index of exposure to methymercury. A number of studies report that hair mercury levels correlate with total intake levels and with organ-specific levels of mercury. Suzuki et al. (1993) analyzed 46 human autopsies in Tokyo, Japan and reported that hair mercury levels were highly significantly correlated with organ Hg levels in the cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, spleen, liver, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla, when the total mercury or methyl mercury value in the organ was compared with the hair total mercury or organic mercury, respectively. 

Theoretically, to achieve long-circulating properties and avoid extensive uptake by the liver and spleen, injected colloids should have a size between 70 nm and 200 nm (16). Atypical diameter of 100-200 nm is obtained for the pH-sensitive PEGylated liposomes presented here. The number of times the formulation is extruded through the membrane regulates size distribution, the latter becoming more uniform as the number increases. In DLS, the polydispersity index (Pdl) is calculated from the square of the normalized standard deviation (Pdl = (o/Z ) ). Acceptable Pdl values will depend on the desired properties of the vesicles, but values under 0.1 can be usually attained. 

Fig. 3. Effect of protein L injection on the proliferation capacity of splenocytes. Transgenic 5-feature mice [46] were injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg of recombinant protein L or the control protein HEL on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Spleen cells were washed and then cultured at a concentration of 2 X 105 cells in 100 pi in 96-well, round-bottom plates for 18 h in the presence of F(ab )2 anti-human IgM or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Incorporation of 3H-thymidine was measured and proliferation indexes were calculated. White bars = Control, non-injected mice gray bars = mice injected with HEL black bars = mice injected with protein L. 

Most of the sesqueterpene alkaloids showed depressant effects on humoral immunity using the hemolysin reaction as an index. Wilfortrine 55 (160 mg/kg mg/kg/d x 9d, i.p.) suppressed the graft-vs.-host reaction (GVHR). 53 (80 mg/kg/d x lOd, i.p.) showed marked inhibitory effects on the DNCB-induced DTH reaction on mouse skin. Both alkaloids (80 mg/kg/d x 4d, i.p.) significantly decreased the clearance rate of charcoal particles and the weights of spleen and thymus [103]. However, the potency of the suppressive activities was not comparable with that of triptolide diterpenoids... 

Somewhat higher values of proteolysis, up to an index of 2.0, were obtained in liver, spleen, lungs, and the large intestine. 

The incorporation in vivo of formate-C into acid soluble adenine and the other purine bases (guanine and hypoxanthine) was taken as an index of the behaviour of purine biosynthesis in different organs (liver, kidney, heart, spleen). 

The index of hydrolysis was the formation of ste (-l- C)-sph from cerebrosides containing stearic-1- C acid. The use of a detergent mixture containing sodium cholate was required for hydrolysis. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 4.5, at which point both the enzyme and cholate precipitated. Other substrates included naturally occurring cerebrosides (galactose containing) and showed the formation of ceramides containing normal and a-hydroxy fatty acid. Enzyme activity was seen also in rat brain, spleen, and kidney. 

The phagocytic function of liver and spleen macrophages measured in vivo by the kinetics of blood clearance of colloidal carbon is similar in both lines (phagocytic index = 0.015 0.005 and 0.020 0.006 in High and Low line... 

Another reaction of transplantation immunity mediated by T lymphoc5 es is the GVH reaction which may be evaluated quantitatively by the spleen weight increase (Spleen Index) produced by the injection of allogeneic lymphocytes in... 

The subjects underwent computed tomography (CT) scanning within 3 days of each blood sample being taken. Transverse tomograms were taken at the umbilical level and at fixed intervals in which the spleen and liver were observed in the same plane. Total fat area, visceral fat area, and subcutaneous fat area were determined from the CT images at the umbilical level by the method of Tokunaga et al. (1983). Hepatic fat content was estimated by the method of Kato et al. (1984). Hounsfield units (HU a measure of density) of the liver and spleen were also determined from the CT images, and the liver-to-spleen ratio of the values (L-HU/S-HU) was calculated as an index of the hepatic fat content. 

Lymphoma developed more rapidly in p53 and iNOS donble knockout mice (p53—l—iNOS—l—) or p53—/—iNOS+/— mice than in p53—/—iNOS+/+ mice that were crossbred into C57BL/6 mice (Hnssain et al. 2004). Likewise, sarcoma and lymphomas developed faster in p53+/—iNOS—/— or p53+/—iNOS+/— mice than in p53+/—iNOS+/+ mice (Hnssain et al. 2004). p53—/—iNOS+/+ mice, compared with p53—/—iNOS—/— mice, showed a higher apoptotic index, decreased proliferation index, and an increased expression of CD95L, TRAIL, and the cell cycle checkpoint protein in the spleen and thymns before mmor devel-... 

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