Kidney medulla

Medullary cystic disease A hereditary kidney disorder characterized by gradual and progressive loss of kidney function because of cysts in the kidney medulla. 

Anamura S, Dohi T, Shirakawa M, et al. 1988. Effects of phenolic dental medicaments on prostaglandin synthesis by microsomes of bovine tooth pulp and rabbit kidney medulla. Arch Oral Biol 33 355-360. 

Figure 5. Detection of male MSC by Y-PCR. Y chromosome PCR at 24 h after MSC infusion from a male donor into female recipients with AKl. The only organ positive for Y chromosome DNA was the lung (lane 2). Kidney cortex and medulla as well as liver and spleen from 2 animals were negative (lanes 3-11). Lane designation A-female DNA B-male DNA 2 lung 3-kidney cortex 4-kidney medulla 5-liver 6-spleen 7-wound scar 8-lung 9-bone marrow 10-liver 11-spleen.

Those that depend upon this process are cells in the tissues of the eye, the kidney medulla, the epithelial cells in the... 

Kidney medulla From the metabolic point of view the kidney is virtually two organs, the cortex and the medulla. The cortex contains the glomeruli, through which the blood is filtered, the proximal tubules and part of the distal tubules, from which ions and molecules are reabsorbed. The cortex is well supplied with blood so that ATP is generated by the oxidation of fuels. The medulla is metabolically quite different. Here the ATP is required for the reabsorption of ions from the loop of Henle. Some ATP is generated by anaerobic glycolysis, since the supply of blood, and therefore of oxygen, to the medulla is much poorer than to the cortex. This reflects control of the uptake of water and Na+ ions into the blood by the counter current mechanism. This depends on a slow flow of the blood in the capillaries. 

They cannot be oxidised if the tissue lacks mitochondria, e.g. red blood cells, kidney medulla, lens of the eye, type IIB muscle fibres (anaerobic fibres) - see Chapfer 6. 

A. Blood glucose levels must be maintained within a relatively constant range to supply critical organs and tissues (such as brain, RBCs, cornea, lens, kidney medulla, and testes), even when intake of dietary carbohydrates is low. 

The second special feature of glucose metabolism is that certain tissues, including brain, blood cells, kidney medulla, and testis, ordinarily obtain most of... 

Kidney Medulla Acetate, succinate, dimethylamine, and iV,iV-dimcthylglycinc 2-Oxo-glutarate and trimethylamine-iV-oxide... 

Figure 1A. Scatchard plot of the binding of Mn2 to (Na + K )-ATPase from sheep kidney medulla (21). In this figure ( ) is the native enzyme, (O) is the...

Stable Co111 ADP and ATP complexes have been used as competitive inhibitors in a number of enzymic studies and some progress has been made at unravelling the requirements of the active sites. Steady-state kinetic studies show jff,y-[Co(ATP)(NH3)4] to compete with MnATP for (Na+ + K+), Mg2+ and Ca2+ ATPases derived from kidney medulla.574 values for /J,y-[Co(ATP)(NH3)4] are similar to the Km values for MnATP for both the (Na+ + K+) and Mg24- enzymes, and 3,P NMR shows that the Co111 complex acts as a substrate for the Mg2+ and Ca2+ systems. Likewise,... 

Marples, D., Frokiacr, J., I Jonjp, J., Rnepper, M. A., and Nielsen, S. (1996). Hypokalemia-induced downregulalion of aquaporin-2 water chaitnel expression in rat kidney medulla and cortex. /. Clin. /niKst. 97,1960-1968. 

Marples D, Frokiaer J, Dorup J, Knepper MA, Nielsen S. Hypokalemia-induced downregulation of aquaporin-2 water channel expression in rat kidney medulla and cortex. J Clin Invest 1996 97(8) 1960-1968. 

Marples D, Christensen S, Oltosen P, Nielsen S. Lithium-induced Down-regulationof Aquaporin-2 water channel experession in the rat kidney medulla. J Clin invest 1995 95 (4) 1838-1845. 

Chronic Oral MRL for Methylmercury Hair levels are typically used as an index of exposure to methymercury. A number of studies report that hair mercury levels correlate with total intake levels and with organ-specific levels of mercury. Suzuki et al. (1993) analyzed 46 human autopsies in Tokyo, Japan and reported that hair mercury levels were highly significantly correlated with organ Hg levels in the cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, spleen, liver, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla, when the total mercury or methyl mercury value in the organ was compared with the hair total mercury or organic mercury, respectively. 

The interactions of Mn2+ with the membrane-bound (Na++K+)-ATPase from sheep kidney medulla have been examined by kinetic and magnetic resonance techniques (80,81). EPR and water proton relaxation rate studies show that the enzyme binds Mn2+ at one tight binding site (Kd=0.88 /tM). Kinetic studies yield an activator constant for Mn2+ of 0.88 /M, identifying the one tight Mn2+ binding site as the active site of the ATPase. 

Figure 9. Distribution of free sulfonamide in kidney cortex, kidney medulla, and blood plasma of rabbits 3 hours after oral administration of 500 mg. per kg. of five sulfonamides...

Once choline has entered the cell, its normal fate is rapid phosphorylation by choline kinase (Fig. 3). In neurons choline is also converted to the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Choline can also be oxidized to betaine [-00C-CH2-N (CH3)3] in the liver and kidney. In liver, betaine is an important donor of methyl groups for methionine biosynthesis. Betaine is produced in mitochondria into which choline is transported by a specific transporter on the inner membranes. Next, choline is oxidized to betaine aldehyde by choline dehydrogenase on the inner leaflet of the mitochondrial inner membranes and the subsequent conversion to betaine is catalyzed by betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial matrix. Betaine can be transported into kidney medulla by a betaine transporter. In renal medulla and many plants and organisms, betaine accumulates as an osmolyte (a small organic solute that accumulates in response to hypertonicity without adverse effects to the cell or organism) (J.S. Handler, 1992). Hypertonicity of the renal medulla is important for the kidney s ability to concentrate urine. 

Tissue distribution studies in Tl-intoxi-cated rats revealed highest levels in the kidney, followed by ileum, stomach and liver (Leung and Ooi 2000). Experiments and investigations in cattle from polluted areas showed the highest levels of thallium to be found in kidney (medulla), liver, muscle tissue, and endocrine glands (testicles, thyroid gland, pancreas) (Hapke et al. 

Gluconeogenesis, the process by which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate precursors, occurs mainly in the liver under fasting conditions. Under the more extreme conditions of starvation, the kidney cortex also may produce glucose. For the most part, the glucose produced by the kidney cortex is used by the kidney medulla, but some may enter the bloodstream. 

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