Other animal by-products

Tankage comes from two sources the dried solid product of boiling the bones, skin, meat scraps, and other animal by-products from abattoirs and garbage treated with high-pressure steam and subsequently pressed. Both products are high in nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, and phosphorus as phosphoric acid, potash, and phosphates. Tankage can be flammable and presents a spontaneous combustion hazard. 

Because the enzyme targeted by glyphosate is not present in humans or other animals, the product is advertised as entirely safe by the industry. The EPA rates glyphosate as toxicity class II—practically nontoxic even by direct ingestion. Industry advocates celebrate glyphosate as an international ecological success. ... 

Oxygen molecules are the other major by-product of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis. Plants provide the oxygen needed for animal respiration on Earth (see chapter 5). 

Plants grown as crops have provided a variety of raw materials for plastics. The cellulose from cotton has always been the quality raw material for cellulosic plastics. The cellulose from other plants is used in a variety of building materials. The oils from plants provided glycerol, and mono- and di-basic acids, for many plastics and plasticizers. Fermentation was used successfully to produce acetone and a number of alcohols and acids useful in polymers and plasticizers. Even the protein in plants, and in animal by-products, has been used in a number of plastics applications. 

For the aroma vital cuisine, the only acceptable solvent would be alcohol. As the oil is used in very small and thinned concentrations, it would not be harmful to children. Less qualitative oils from industrial origin sometimes might even contain other substances. It should be indicated that natural avorings used in food production should be pure and free of animal by-products such as gelatin or glycerin, which has been obtained by saponi cation of animal fat. 

NIR spectroscopy is not restricted to chemical analysis but also can perform a role in assessing attributes such as the animal species of the tissue being processed, the degree of thermal treatment achieved, and the likely destruction of potential pathogens or thermal damage to protein. NIR technology provides an alternative to other more sophisticated and labor-intensive analyses that would prove prohibitively costly to assess contamination or fraudulent adulteration of animal by-products. 

Meat pastes are delicately cooked meat products made primarily from meat and fat of calves and hogs and, often, from poultry (e. g. goose liver paste) or wild animal meat (hare, deer or boar). Unlike sausages, pastes contain quality meat and are free of slaughter scrapings or other inferior by-products. A portion of meat or the whole meat used is present as finely comminuted spreadable paste. 

Fig. 1, Method of production of large quantities of nonnucleate fragments of unfertilized eggs of sea urchins and other animals by centrifugation on layers of sucrose-seawater solutions of increasing density. For many species of echino-deims the following mixtures of isosmotic (1.1 M) sucrose and seawater are suitable for each of the four layers starting from the bottom 3 1, 3 2 2 2, and 0 1. The eggs are introduced with the 2 2 layer centrifugation is at 12,000g for 10-15 minutes. From Tyler and Tyler (1966b). ...

CjHiaNO, [Mc3NCH= CH2] OH. A liquid forming a crystalline trihydrate, It is present free and combined in brain and other animal and vegetable products and is formed as a product of putrefaction of lecithin. It can be prepared synthetically from choline and decomposes easily to trimethylamine. neutralization, heat of The amount of heat evolved when I g equivalent of an acid is neutralized by 1 g equivalent of a base. For strong acids and strong bases in dilute solution the only reaction which occurs is H -h OH ---> H2O and the heat of neutral-... 

Xanthates and dithiophosphates dominate sulfide flotation usage, though several other collectors including more recently developed ones are gaining acceptance rapidly (43). As of this writing, this is an active area of research. Many of the sulfide collectors were first used ia the mbber iadustry as vulcanizers (16). Fatty acids, amines, and sulfonates dominate the nonsulfide flotation usage. The fatty acids are by-products from natural plant or animal fat sources (see Fats and fatty oils). Similarly petroleum sulfonates are by-products of the wood (qv) pulp (qv) iadustry, and amines are generally fatty amines derived from fatty acids. 

Tallow [61789-97-7] is the fat obtained as a by-product of beef, and to a lesser degree sheep processing, and is the most commonly utilized animal fat in the manufacturing of soaps. The high content of longer chain length fatty acids present in tallow fat necessitates the addition of other oils, such as coconut oil, in order to produce a bar with acceptable performance. 

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