Incidents recording

Lewis, D. J. 1980. Unconfined vapor cloud explosions—Historical perspective and predictive method based on incident records. Prog. Energy Comb. Sci., 1980. 6 151-165. 

Incident Investigation Major incidents Near-miss reporting Follow-up and resolution Communication Incident recording Third-party participation as needed... 

Of the factors associated with the high reactivity of cyanuric chloride (high exother-micity, rapid hydrolysis in presence of water-containing solvents, acid catalysed reactions, liberation of up to 3 mol hydrogen chloride/mol of chloride, formation of methyl chloride gas with methanol, formation of carbon dioxide from bicarbonates), several were involved in many of the incidents recorded [1] (and given below). The acid catalysed self acceleration and high exothermicity are rated highest [2]. It is also a mildly endothermic compound (AH°f (s) +91.6 kJ/mol, 0.49 kJ/g). 

Incident Investigation—In assessing this element, consideration must be given to major incidents, near-miss reporting, follow-up and resolution, communications, incident recording, and third-party participation as needed. 

There were 13 blowout incidents recorded during the ten year period. They were generally listed as the result of equipment failures. 

Historical incident recording and communicating in useful form has several beneficial results. This information suggests precautions for other facilities, allows lessons learned to be taken into account in future design, and helps identify trends not apparent from single incidents. Because... 

Thus, the highest incidence recorded in one study was over 19% in the most susceptible population—females taking 100 mg of hydralazine twice daily. 

Racially, white patients account for 61% of all drug-related hospital visits in the United States, followed by black (26%) and Hispanics (11%). With the exception of rohypnol, the 69-80% of all club drug incidents recorded by Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) involve white, non-Hispanic patients—a fairly typical reflection of the U.S. population. A far larger share (56%) of rohypnol mentions are attributed to Hispanic patients, but this may have to do with the small sample size available to researchers. 

Early in its deliberations, the committee recognized that different stakeholders have different perceptions of what constitutes a chemical event. It further became apparent that the sheer number of incidents recorded for JACADS and TOCDF made a detailed review of each event beyond the committee s resources and time. To focus its efforts, the committee identified from the full list of incidents compiled by a variety of groups (see Appendixes B, C, and D) a comparatively small number of serious events that could be evaluated in some detail. The committee s goal was to select representative occurrences so that this report s findings and recommendations would be generally applicable. 

It can be useful to compare a facility s incident records with national averages and to learn from the experiences of others. The following organizations provide information on nationwide and worldwide incidents. 

Data produced by the incident recording and analysis system are, of course, a principal aspect of performance measurement. But, additional proactive measurement and communication systems are used in the model companies — such as those discussed in Chapter 24, Measurement of... 

Except for low probability-high consequence incidents, as the exposure base represented by the number of hours worked increases, the historical incident record has an increasing degree of confidence as... 

Type of incident Record injury or illness, fire, property damage, enviromnental incident, product loss, or significant event that did not result in harm or damage but had the potential to do so. 

Over time and when the exposure base is sufficiently large, comparisons of workers compensation costs and OSHA statistics, with other companies in the same industry or those considered to have comparable risks, should have a positive and linear relationship. In a benchmarking process, an individual shared data with a company that had an OSHA incident recordable rate of 0.9, which was about one-seventh of his own company s record. He expressed doubt about the validity of the 0.9 OSHA rate, but became a believer when workers compensation cost trendings... 

For example In a very large company, where an edict had been issued that a dramatic reduction was to be achieved in the OSHA incident recordable rate, the reduction is being accomplished but, the number of workers compensation claims reported remained steady and did not match the OSHA incident recordable rate reduction. 

The actuarial premises on which the workers compensation experience rating system was developed give credibility to OSHA incident recordable and lost workday case rates as measures, and predictors, of safety performance, with these qualifications The statistical base (the hours worked) on which the records are developed has to be large enough and low probability-severe outcome risks may not be encompassed within the experience base. 

Nevertheless, it should be understood that, in their safety achievements, a few companies have done better than Six Sigma. Assume that an OSHA recordable incident is the defect to be measured. How does 3.4 defective parts per million relate to an OSHA recordable incident rate OSHA rates are computed from a base of 200,000 hours worked. To be at an OSHA incident recordable rate of 3.4 incidents per million hours, the computed rate using a 200,000 hour base would 0.68. That rate has been bettered by a few of the best performing companies, but only a few. Thus, on occasion, humans are capable of doing better than Six Sigma. 

But, even in the best of the best large companies, the OSHA recordable incident rate over time has never been zero. In operations considered moderate or high hazard, attaining a 0.68 OSHA incident recordable rate over the long term is virtually impossible. (For the year 2000, the composite OSHA incident recordable incident rate for Private Industry was 6.1.)... 

It is apt at this stage to redefine the modem safety management terms and definitions used in this book. There still exists confusion in the safety industry concerning the words accident and incident. The term incident is so widely used and misused that the term near miss has almost become obscure. Because near-miss incident recording is one of the main elements in a world s best practice (i.e., meeting the highest international safety standards) SMS, it s important that it be redefined and renamed so that its important identity can be maintained and recognized. 

A Fimctional Process Analysis (FRA) is first undertaken to identify hazards and their causes in terms of technical and human elements using plant diagrams, safety procedures, incident records and inter-views/observations of operational people. Bow-tie diagrams can be used to develop a graphical representation of hazards and potential barriers that can prevent or mitigate failure consequences. The next step involves the analysis of human-related barriers (e.g., operator visual checks, operator procedures etc) in Older to identify possible task deviations and human errors that may diminish the efficiency of barriers or make them fad. The analysis of human barriers and task deviations is done with the support of Task... 

The analysis of 141 Polymer Foam incidents, shows that 12 incidents were foimd to be related with Flammable Gas as burning material. Hence we purchased commercially available Polymer Foam Board (XPS), and then made some experiments to find the evidence of flammable gas, released from the foam block, as the incident records showed. 

Several instruments have been developed to assess hospital staff s perceptions of aspects of workplace safety culture and a number of studies have reported associations between hospital safety culture and safety outcome measures (Jackson et al. 2010). Profiling the hospital safety culture scores is relatively straightforward but finding safety outcome measures for patients or workers is more challenging (Flin 2007). Different types of safety outcome data can be collected, e.g. (i) hospital incident records for staff or patients or clinical data for patients, (ii) self-reports of incidents and injuries by workers or patients and (iii) workers safety behaviours (self-reported or observed). 

Chapter 6 discussed methods for setting workers compensation insurance premium rates. In some methods the cost to the insurer for claims made against a policy determine future premium rates. Insurance rates for liability or other business protections also influence premiums. Some people buying auto and home insurance encounter this after an accident or claim. Incident records and reports may also help determine the value of a loss. 

Although there are many kinds of incident and injury recordkeeping requirements and forms, the most commonly known system is that of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It provides a detailed example of incident record keeping. Details of the OSHA record-keeping requirements appear in 29 CFR 1904. They may change from time to time. 

Identily at least three federal agencies that require incident records and reports for employees. 

For what kinds of transportation must incident records or reports be made ... 

Implementation includes compiling information using forms and procedures. For example, there will be accident and incident records and reports. There will be tracking of hazardous materials. There will be methods for making information available on hazardous materials for all organizational units that need the data. There is a need to compile information on safety-driven maintenance and repair of equipment and systems. 

To test the validity of published accident ratios and triangles, I did the research resulting in the publication of a paper titled Injury Ratios. The most important conclusion drawn from that research is that variations on the inherent risk levels in industries and businesses—as indicated by the substantial differences in OSHA incidence recordable rates and the percent of incidents that result in lost workday cases—are so great that it is impossible to develop meaningful injury ratios which are universally applicable. 

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