In sheep

Cobalt, copper, molybdenum, iodine, iron, manganese, nickel, selenium, and zinc are sometimes provided to mminants. Mineral deficiency or toxicity in sheep, especially copper and selenium, is a common example of dietary mineral imbalance (21). Other elements may be required for optimal mminant performance (22). ExceUent reviews of trace elements are available (5,22). 

Hexachloroethane is considered to be one of the more toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons. The 1991 ACGIH recommended time-weighted average (TWA) for hexachloroethane was 1 ppm or 10 mg /m of air. Skin adsorption is a route of possible exposure ha2ard. The primary effect of hexachloroethane is depression of the central nervous system (147). Pentachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene are primary metaboHtes of hexachloroethane in sheep (148). 

Cobalt is one of twenty-seven known elements essential to humans (28) (see Mineral NUTRIENTS). It is an integral part of the cyanocobalamin [68-19-9] molecule, ie, vitamin B 2> only documented biochemically active cobalt component in humans (29,30) (see Vitamins, VITAMIN Vitamin B 2 is not synthesized by animals or higher plants, rather the primary source is bacterial flora in the digestive system of sheep and cattle (8). Except for humans, nonmminants do not appear to requite cobalt. Humans have between 2 and 5 mg of vitamin B22, and deficiency results in the development of pernicious anemia. The wasting disease in sheep and cattle is known as bush sickness in New Zealand, salt sickness in Florida, pine sickness in Scotland, and coast disease in AustraUa. These are essentially the same symptomatically, and are caused by cobalt deficiency. Symptoms include initial lack of appetite followed by scaliness of skin, lack of coordination, loss of flesh, pale mucous membranes, and retarded growth. The total laboratory synthesis of vitamin B 2 was completed in 65—70 steps over a period of eleven years (31). The complex stmcture was reported by Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin in 1961 (32) for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1964. 

Condensation of 0,0-diethyl chlorothiophosphate with 2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4(3//)-one gives the powerful insecticide dimpylate (1045) (57HCA1562). It is used in veterinary medicine (58MI21301), in particular for topical application, with or without added DDT, in cases of blowfly strike in sheep. 

Bone defects surgically produced in sheep and rabbit models, have been treated with freeze dried methylpyrrohdinone chitosan [334-336]. hi view of improving bone tissue reconstitution with chitosan associated with calcium phosphate. Microscopic and histological analyses showed the presence of an osteogenic reaction moving from the rim of the surgical lesion toward the center. In control lesions, dense fibrous tissue, without the characteristic histoarchitecture of bone was observed. 

High concentrations of endosulfan sulfate were found primarily in the liver, intestine, and visceral fat 24 hours after mice were exposed to a single dose of -endosulfan (Deema et al. 1966). Five days following a single oral administration of " C-endosulfan to rats, the diol, sulfate, lactone, and ether metabolites were detected in the feces (Borough et al. 1978). In sheep, endosulfan sulfate was detected in the feces, and endosulfan alcohol and a-hydroxyether were detected in the urine (Gorbach et al. 1968). 

Adams, N.R. (1998). Clover phyto-oestrogens in sheep in Western Austraba. Pure and Applied Chemistry 1855-1862. 

KLITA P T, MATHISON G w, FENTON T w, HARDIN R T (1996) Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. JAnim Sci. 74 1144-56. 

Data on safety have been obtained from in vitro as well as in vivo animal and human studies (see also Section 10.4). About 50 years ago, Australian farmers observed an infertility syndrome in sheep associated with the consumption of clover species (Bennets et al., 1946). The clover compounds shown to cause the infertility (genistein, daidzein, equol, biochanin A, formononetin) were members of the isoflavone family (Bradbury and White, 1951 Shutt and Braden, 1968), raising the question of whether soy might cause infertility in humans (see also Section 10.4.9). A variety of reports further supported adverse effects of isoflavones on animal reproductive systems (Santell et al., 1997 Flynn et al., 2000a,b). 

SHUT D A and braden a w h (1968) The significance of equol in relation to the oestrogenic responses in sheep ingesting clover with a high formononetin content. Austr JAgric Res. 19 545-53. 

Bers, D.M. and Ellis, D. (1982). Intracellular calcium and sodium activity in sheep heart Purkinje fibres. Effects of changes of external sodium and intracellular pH. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 393, 171-178. 

Demling, R.H., Katz, A., Lalonde, C., Ryan, P. and Jin, L-J. (1987). The immediate effect of burn wound excision on pulmonary function in sheep. The role of prostanoids, oxygen radicals and chemoattractants. Surgery 101, 44-55. 

Booth K. and Katz L. (2000). Role of the vomeronasal organ in neonatal offspring recognition in sheep. Biol Reprod 63, 953-958. 

The control of internal parasites in sheep is acknowledged to be one of the harder problems in the management of both organic and conventional enterprises. The organic farmer is allowed to dose any animal that is seen to be suffering from parasitic infection, but only those animals that are suffering, not the whole flock. The animals that... 

Day (1991) cites the case of mastitis in cattle where nosodes, used in preventive programmes, have reduced the incidence of mastitis and have made those cases which do occur easier to clear. Caulophyllum has been used to treat dystokia (calving problems) with success. However, Day (1993) is equally clear as to when a homoeopathic nosode is not advisable. He states that nosodes do exist for the prevention of clostridial diseases in sheep, but they have not been proved to be effective. Some people have used them with apparent success, but there was no evidence as to a significant challenge. 

B42. Booke, M., Hinder, F., McGuire, R., Traber, L. D., and Traber, D. L Nitric oxide synthase inhibition versus norepinephrine for the treatment of hyperdynamic sepsis in sheep. Crit. Care Med. 24, 835-844 (1996). 

JP Longenecker, AC Moses, JS Flier, RD Silver, MC Carey, EJ Dubovi. (1987). Effects of sodium taurodihydrofusidate on nasal absorption of insulin in sheep. J Pharm Sci 76 351-355. 

Sejian V. Climate change, Green house gas emission and sheep production. In Shinde AK, Swamkar CP, and Prince LLL (eds.), Status Papers on Future Research in Sheep Production and Production Development, 50 Years Research Contributions 962-2012), published by Director, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan-304501, 2012 p. 155-178. 

Karanu, F.N., McGuire, T.C., Davis, W.C., Besser, T.E. and Jasmer, D.P. (1997a) CD4+T lymphocytes contribute to protective immunity induced in sheep and goats by Haemonchus contortus gut antigens. Parasite Immunology 19, 435—145. 

Piacenza L., Acosta, D., Basmadjan, I., Dalton, J.P. and Carmona, C. (1999) Vaccination with cathepsin L proteases and with leucine aminopeptidase induces high levels of protection against fascioliasis in sheep. Infection and Immunity 67, 1954-1961. 

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