In ointments

Yellow mercuric oxide may be obtained by precipitation from solutions of practically any water-soluble mercuric salt through the addition of alkah. The most economical are mercuric chloride or nitrate. Although yellow HgO has some medicinal value in ointments and other such preparations, the primary use is as a raw material for other mercury compounds, eg, Millon s ha.se[12529-66-7], Hg2NOH, which is formed by the reaction of aqueous ammonia and yellow mercuric oxide. 

Lidocaine hydrochloride [73-78-9] (Xylocaine), is the most versatile local anesthetic agent because of its moderate potency and duration of action, rapid onset, topical activity, and low toxicity. Its main indications are for infiltration, peripheral nerve blocks, extradural anesthesia, and in spinal anesthesia where a duration of 30 to 60 min is desirable. Because of its vasodilator activity, addition of the vasoconstrictor, epinephrine, increases the duration of action of Hdocaine markedly. It is also available in ointment or aerosol preparations for a variety of topical appHcations. 

Panthenol is frequently used in ointments and solutions for the treatment of burns, anal fissures, and inflammation of the conjunctiva. The vitamin has to be substituted in patients on total parenteral nutrition and in those who regularly undergo dialysis. Hypervitamin-osis has not been observed for doses up to 5 g/d (22). Furthermore, the administration of pantothenic acid leads to improved surgical wound healing due to its antiinflammatory properties. 

It is probable that the test of Wolski88 for sulphoxides depends on the first reaction. He used acetyl chloride or bromide the product from the former gave a red colour with nitrite ion, absorption maximum at 545 nm, and the latter gave a yellowish-orange colour directly. The method was used also by Besyadetskaya and colleagues89 to determine dimethyl sulphoxide in ointments. 

Elder leaves contain the alkaloid sambucine, a precursor of hydrocyanic acid, which is somewhat toxic. Thus, the leaves are used only topically in ointments for sprains or bruises. Bruised leaves can be rubbed on the body or worn under a hat to prevent being pestered by insects. Cooled strained leaf tea can be applied to plants to discourage aphids. 

Szabolcs determined the active principle in preparations based on miconazole and clotrimazole [15]. The two drugs were determined in ointments by extraction with chloroform, evaporation of the solvent, dissolution of the residue in acetic acid, and titration with 0.1 N perchloric acid in the presence of Gentian Violet. 

Many attempts to alter the physical properties of neomycin by the formation of various salts have been described. Thus the neomycin salts of the higher fatty acids, such as the stearate, palmitate and myristate3(3 31 were prepared and being water-insoluble were formulated in ointment bases. Similarly, the undecylenate salt has been prepared and processes for its production patented3 33 34 The undecylenate and caprylate salts have been described as being particularly suitable as antimitotic compounds35. 

Tjornelund, J., and Hansen, S. H. (1997). Validation of a simple method for the determination of oxytetracycline in ointment by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 15(8), 1077-1082. 

Methods for analysis of analgesics including salicylic acid and acetylsal-icylic acid (567) in combination with a variety of other active ingredients have been reported 068). Antipyrine and benzocaine in eir drops have been determined by RPC and the method was found to be four to. six times imiic lapul Ilian llic licsl allei native (569). Salicylic acid and benzoic acid haVe also been assayed in ointments (576). 

Mercury(II) iodide is used as an analytical reagent, in Nesslers reagent for the analysis of ammonia. The compound also is used in ointments for the treatment of skin diseases. 

Mercury(II) oxide is found natively in the mineral montroydite. The oxide is used primarily to prepare other mercury salts. The red form of the oxide is used as a depolarizer in a certain type of dry batteries. Other applications are paints and pigments as a reagent in several wet analyses and to catalyze in organic reactions. The oxide also is used in ointments as a topical antiseptic. 

The United States Pharmacopoeia 23 [11] and Indonesian Pharmacopoeia IV [9] describe the assay of benzoic acid and salicylic acid in ointments. Two chromatographic columns (20 x 2.5 cm) are used to effect the separation. One transfers a mixture of 1 g siliceous earth and 0.5 mL diluted phosphoric acid (3 in 10) to the first column (A), then packs above this a mixture of 4 g siliceous earth and ferric chloride-urea reagent. A mixture of 4 g siliceous earth and 2mL of sodium bicarbonate solution (1 in 12) is packed into the second column (B). For analysis, column A is mounted directly above column B. The sample solution is inserted onto column A, allowed to pass into the column, and then washed with 2-40 mL of chloroform. Benzoic acid can be eluted from column B by using a 3 in 100 solution of glacial acetic acid in chloroform. The benzoic acid content then can be determined by a spectrophotometric method such as that described earlier (section 4.5). 

The potentiometric method has been used for the determination of pure procaine base or its hydrochloride salt, and for procaine in pharmaceutical formulations. Lemahieu and Resibois reported the potentiometric determination of procaine hydrochloride with silver nitrate in dimethyl sulfoxide [64], Procaine was potentiometrically analyzed using a procaine-selective membrane electrode [65]. Abou-Ouf et al. have used potentiometry to determine procaine and other drugs in ointments and creams with dibromohydantoins [66]. 

Halogenation. 9a-Flnorocortisone is only about 10 times more active than its parent compound, but its mineralocorticoid activity is 300-600 times greater. This is undesirable since it leads to edema thns, the compound fludrocortisone (5.62) is used only topically, in ointments. 

Monoterpenes, 10-carbon-containing terpenoids, are composed of two isoprene units, and found abundantly in plants, e.g. (+)-limonene from lemon oil, and (—)-linalool from rose oil. Many monoterpenes are the constituents of plant volatile oils or essential oils. These compounds are particularly important as flavouring agents in pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume products. However, a number of monoterpenes show various types of bioactivity and are used in medicinal preparations. For example, camphor is used in liniments against rheumatic pain, menthol is used in ointments and liniments as a remedy against itching, bitter-orange peel is used as an aromatic bitter tonic and as a remedy for poor appetite and thymol and carvacrol are used in bactericidal preparations. 

Corticosteroids incorporated in ointments, creams, lotions, and sprays are used extensively in dermatology. These preparations are discussed... 

Senecio vulgaris L. European Qian Li Guang (German ivy) (aerial part) Senecionine, inulin.58 Used in ointment on hemorrhoids and swellings, lower blood pressure, laxative. 

Polymyxin B and colistin (polymyxin E) (Fig. 3.9) are the least toxic of the five polymyxin antibiotics designated alphabetically A-E. Both polymyxin B and colistin are complex polypeptide compounds with specialized activity against gram-negative organisms but they are both nephrotoxic. Topical application and oral administration are more commonly used routes. Polymyxin B is used widely in ointments for topical applications and may be effective in case of mastitis, but it seldom is administered parenterally because of the possibility of renal toxicity. 

Formulations 10 mLvial containing 500 mg 20 mLvial containing 1000 mg Also available in ointment, capsules, tablets, and suspension formulations... 

Historical Aspects. Zinc oxide has long been known as a byproduct of copper smelting. The Romans called it cadmia and used it as such in the production of brass. They also purified it for use in ointments by reduction followed by oxidation. In the Middle Ages, the alchemists thought that cadmia could be converted into gold. 

The development of a simple fast-scan polarographic method for the determination of the A4-3-ketosteroid flurandrenolone in pharmaceutical preparations has been reported [134]. The polarographic peak due to the reduction of the carbon-fluorine bond is measured in ointments and creams to determine concentrations as low as 0.01 % w/w. Pulse polarographic procedures have been described for progesterones [135], A4-3-ketosteroids [136], hydrocortisone [137], and flucytosine [138] in pharmaceutical preparations. Recent studies have illus-... 

Traditionally, aloe vera is used in ointments and creams to assist the healing of wounds, bums, eczema, and psoriasis. 

Another example of this is aloe, one of the few medicinal plants that has been a popular cure for a long time. Aloe latex is used for its laxative effect and should not be confused with aloe gel, used both in cosmetics and in ointments for skin ailments. Aloe whole leaf is another preparation taken internally as a drink for a wide range of human diseases including cancer, AIDS, ulcerative colitis, and other complaints. 

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