Isolation chamber

The optical test rig consists of a cylindrical thermal isolated chamber enclosing the concentrated contact formed... 

The in-line configuration consists of deposition chambers that are separated by isolation chambers [153]. The layer sequence of a solar cell structure prescribes the actual sequence of deposition chambers. The flexibility is much less than with a cluster configuration, and costs are generally much higher, but the throughput can also be much larger. In an in-line system the substrates can move while deposition takes place, which leads to very uniformly deposited layers, as uniformity of deposition is required only in one dimension (perpendicular to the moving direction). 

Installation in which these studies were conducted is shown in Fig. 6.20. It was composed of two optically isolated chambers. The chamber to generate singlet oxygen contained a sensibilizer (tripaflavin. 

I came to a planet that was highly evolved, both scientifically and technically. The place I entered into was some type of research center, and my attention was focused on some large metallic pods that were being moved in and out of racks by elaborate robotic arms. Bach of these pods was something like an isolation chamber. They were shaped like large... 

The kiln, 220 feet long and 15 feet in diameter, is equipped with a four stage preheater similar in layout to the Genstar plant. Whole tires are fed, one at a time, into the riser duct just above the kiln feed housing through a trap door and isolation chamber. Tires are handled using a conveyor and elevator system that picks up one tire at a time. 

Circuit isolator chamber 2 Overload, short-circuit and ammeter current transformers 3 Busbar isolator chamber 4 Isolator earth bar with fixed contacts ... 

Figure 2 shows that the hydroprene treated population remained nearly constant at about 1000 over the entire one year duration of the test whereas the untreated population increased to over 60,000 cockroaches, which constitutes 98.5% control by comparison. The stable population in the treated chamber suggests that progeny of the original hydroprene population were indeed unable to reproduce. In completely isolated chambers the population could have been expected to disappear by attrition in approximately 6 months. The population remaining in the hydroprene chamber probably reflected a continuing low level of reinfestation with untreated cockroaches because the chambers appeared to be not fully cockroachproof. 

In coulometry the stoichiometry of the electrode process should be known and should proceed with 100% current efficiency, and the product of reaction at any other electrode must not interfere with the reaction at the electrode of interest. If there are intermediate reactions, they too must proceed with the desired accuracy. In practice the electrolytic cell is designed to include isolation chambers. Losses of solute through diffusion, through ionic or electrical migration, and simply through bulk transfer must be minimal. Finally, the end point has to be determined by one of the many techniques used in titrations generally, whether coulometric or not. Both indeterminate and determinate end-point errors limit the overall accuracy achieved. Cooper and Quayle critically examined errors in coulometry, and Lewis reviewed coulometric techniques. 

Fig. 23. Schematic arrangement for the production of a single molecular beam. A is the source of beam material B the oven chamber C a short isolating chamber S a collimating slit D the...

A circular collector with both constant-time and constant-volume controls (Seive type M 25) is placed into a cold chamber at the required temperature. The temperature regulator is located outside the thermally isolated chamber containing both column and collector. 

Two factors have aided in the discovery of the roles of many trace elements. One is the availability of two highly sensitive analytical techniques, activation analysis and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, that allow detection of these elements in concentrations of only a few parts per bUhon. The other is the use of special isolation chambers that allow study of animals under carefully controlled conditions, free of unwanted contaminants. The diets fed to animals and their air supply must be carefully purified to keep out even traces of unwanted elements, and their cages must be made of plastics that contain no metals. 

There have been major technological advances in two areas that mitigate some of the limitations of the sterility test. They are the use of isolation chambers for performing the test and the development of new technologies to provide rapid—approaching real time—sterility tests. 

The assembly was placed into a controlled temperature cell. Before experiments, the measuring cell and the isolation chamber were pumped out to a vacuum pressure of 10 6 Torr. The measurement cell was filled in with dry He exchange gas at room temperature and the temperature range of the sample varied between -160 to 250°C as indicated. 

An isolated chamber with rigid walls is divided into two equal compartments, one containing gas and the other evacuated. The partition between the compartments ruptures. After the passage of a sufficiently long period of time, the temperature and pressure are found to be uniform throughout the chamber. 

Figure 15.9 Variations on kettle and internal reboiler arrangements, (a) Kettle reboiler with liquid drawn from column sump (6) internal reboiler with an isolating chamber.

In order to overcome the level measurement problem, an isolating chamber arrangement or "bathtub (68) is sometimes used (Fig. 15.96). The chamber overflow weir keeps the bundle submerged, and the column liquid level can be separately controlled. This eirrange-ment may increase column height requirement. If the column level is too close to the isolating chamber, it may overflow, flood the reboiler, back up liquid into the column, and possibly also flood the colunm. When boilup exceeds liquid downflow, or when the isolating chamber... 

Fouling. The downflow movement of liquid makes fouling a less severe problem with conventional internal circulation reboilers (Fig. 15. le) than with kettle reboilers. Fouling, however, can be severe if tubes are unflooded. The bathtub arrangement (Fig. 15.96) does not share the liquid downflow benefit, and fouling can be as much as a problem as with kettle reboilers. The isolating chamber forms a dirt trap, and must be blown down (e.g., by perforating the chamber floor). 

Barrier Isolator [Mobile Isolation Chambers MIC1)... 

Figure 7.2 Schematic of an isolation chamber divided into two parts. A solid in one part is initially separated by a removable partition from a gas in the other part.

Figure 3.4(a) schematically shows the typical setup of a beaker-type electrochemical cell often used for basic studies of metal CMP chemistries. The slurry solutions used in these test cells are commonly referred to as electrolytes. The test sample is the working electrode (WE) in a three-electrode configuration, with a Pt wire counter electrode (CE) and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) or Ag/AgCl reference. The CE and the reference electrode (RE) are kept in ion conducting isolated chambers to avoid electrolyte contamination. The WE is a polycrystalline disc (0.5— 1.5 cm diameter), a coupon (typically 2x1 cm), or a similarly sized piece of a blanket wafer. The electrolyte contains... 

Fig. 14.7 a Front face PMT. The photosensitive surface, the photocathode, is at the front, at the back can be seen the pins used in the circuit to fix the dynode voltages, b A side window PMT. Here the photocathode is behind the grid towards the left centre of the device, c The thermoelectric detector element of a calorimetric laser power meter, the laser pulse is made incident on the thin black disc in the centre of the device, absorption converts the photon energy into thermal energy, which is subsequently measured using the thermoelectric effect in a thermopile immediately behind the disc. When in use the unit shown is held in a thermally isolated chamber which is screwed over the top of the detector element. The 5p UK coin, included in the middle of the photograph to give some idea of scale, has a diameter of 18 mm... 

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