In European Union

End of Abstract Nowadays, the Diesel vehicles market in Western Europe keeps growing. Diesel technology is of interest for car manufacturers because the Greenhouse gas emissions are noticeably lower with Diesel than with gasoline (do not forget the ACEA1 commitment for 2008 140 g/km of C02 for the new cars sold in European Union). A major issue for the Diesel vehicles is to clean-up HC, CO, NO and soot particles released by the engine at a minimum cost. 

For the determination of the intralaboratory repeatability of the DR CALUX bioassay for sediment samples, two sediment extracts were analyzed 10 times. Each analysis was performed in triplicate. As a prerequisite for a correct triplicate analysis, the percentage standard deviation in the triplicate determination should be below 15%. This is in accordance with the harmonized quality criteria for eell-based bioassay analyses of PCDDs/PCDFs in feed and food as formulated by Behnisch et al. (Behnisch et al, 2001 a) and as detailed in European Union directive 2002/69/ EC and direetive 2002/70/EC. The repeatability for the low-2,3,7,8-TCDD-content sediment... 

Once a patent is granted (or issued ) it will remain in force subject to payment of renewal fees. Typically, the duration of a patent is twenty years from the filing date. In general the patent monopoly extends until the expiry of the patent. However, in the European Union and some other European countries, and in the USA and elsewhere, there are provisions for extending the term of protection for a specific approved medical product which is covered by a patent when there have been delays in obtaining regulatory approval. For example, in European Union countries a supplementary protection... 

Following the Umited success of this procedure, a multicenter phase II/III study is planned in European Union and the United States. The US component of the trial will study the effect of gene therapy in patients with stable angina. The EU component will evaluate patients with advanced coronary artery disease who are not considered candidates for interventions such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. 

For continuous epidural analgesia, levobupivacaine may be administered in combination with fentanyl or clonidine. Levobupivacaine has been approved in European Union states for ilio-inguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blockade in children. (See also bupivacaine, above.)... 

Kanavos, P., J. Costa-i-Font, S. Merkur, and M. Gemmill. 2004. The Economic Impact of Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in European Union Member States. LSE Working Paper. Available at http //www.lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/Workingpapers/ Paper.pdf [Accessed May 26, 2006]. 

Brock TCM, Arts GHP, Maltby L, Van den Brink PJ. 2006. Aquatic risks of pesticides, ecological protection goals, and common aims in European Union legislation. Integ Environ Assess Manag 2 20 16. 

Dr. Mircheva was instrumental in the passing of the first Medicines Law of 1995 and initiated Collaboration Agreement between Drug Regulatory Authorities in European Union Associated Countries (CADREAC). She has been a visiting scientist in Germany and is a member of a number of scientific societies and on the editorial boards of scientific and regulatory journals. 

Decision 166/2006/EC created the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) [41]. The E-PRTR is the new Europe-wide register that provides easily accessible key environmental data from industrial facilities in European Union Member States and in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. It replaces and improves the previous EPER. 

For development of preventive measures for work-related reproductive health disorders, pathology of a fetus and newborn, it is expedient to examine a degree of hazard for health depending on character of action of chemical substances because they can produce the gonadotropic and embriotropic effects, etc. Thus it is necessary to take into account standard indices or so-called phrases of risk (R-phrase) for chemical substances (EU Directive 92/32/EEC). To mark the chemicals with specific kind of action in European Union they apply the R-phrases for classification. Such designation of chemical substances helps to receive information on reproductive risks for the substances used on workplaces. 

Studies in solid state ionics, high temperature electrochemistry and fuel cells have been financed at EPFL by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, by the Federal Office of Education and Science for participation in European Union research projects, and by the National Priority Programme for Materials (now terminated). The work continues in the context of the International Energy Agency programme for research, development and demonstration of advanced fuel cells, and of the European Science Foundation consortium OSSEP. 

Sulfur levels in gasoline and diesel fuels have been decreasing steely over the last several years, primarily in response to government regulations both in the U.S. and in Western Europe. For example, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) Tier 2 emission standards mandate sulfur level reduction from current 330 and 550 mg/kg sulfur in gasoline and diesel, respectively, to 30 and 15 mg/kg by 2006 and near zero by 2010 and later years [1-3]. Regulations in California are even more restrictive. Similarly, EN 590 European diesel specification mandates sulfur content of diesels from 350 mg/kg maximum in 2000 to 10 mg/kg maximum by January 1, 2005 in European Union countries. 

There are several ways for product and machine manufacturers to show compliance with the European directives. However, only one way presumes conformity— the use of harmonized European standards. This is why I strongly recommend the application of harmonized standards, also known as European Norms (ENs). Standards play an important role in European Union safety/EMC compliance for products and machines. Standards become valid in Europe after they are published in the Official Journal and are transposed into member states national standards. The ENs are listed or appended to the directives themselves. 

A substantial number of mobile devices for measuring surface skid resistance have been developed globally. The majority of them have been manufactured in European Union (EU) countries. A relevant EU survey identified and reported 21 mobile devices (TYROSAFE 2008). Table 16.5 presents 19 of those devices together with their basic characteristic features. 

Table 16.5 Skid resistance devices used in European union countries... 

Each day, about 150 deaths occur in European Union (EU) countries due to infections acquired in hospitals [13]. 

In this context, not only the driver in view of his actions and decisions is of interest, but also regarding his acceptance of different measures [39] (see Sect. 4.3 for more on acceptance and its connection to safety). During the use of a system of active or integral safety, changes in behavior due to adaption or compensation effects can occur and must be accounted for when evaluating safety benefits [32]. To draw a conclusion, a full forecast of their [i.e., active safety systems author s note] potential is only possible with respect to the complete relation of driver-vehicle-system-environment [9] (see also [40]). These and various other aspects of evaluation of active safety systems have also been subject of discussion in European Union funded projects an overview is, for example, given in [41]. 

FIGURE 11.1 Illustration of the most common chemical hazards in food and feedstuff in European Union chemical alerts 2007. 

World production of major oilseeds has increased from 331 million tonnes to 529 million tonnes in the last decade, whereas the harvested area has increased from 186 million acres to 234 million acres in the same period. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), soybean oilseeds represent over half of the total production of oilseeds and are mainly grown in Brazil, USA and At entina followed by rapeseed (grown in European Union (EU)-27, Canada and China), cottonseed (China and India) and sunflower oilseeds (Ukraine, EU-27 and Russia). Figure 1.1 shows the total production projection of major oilseeds around the world for 2014/2015. 

---