Immunological diversity

The questions that needs to be answered with ES-derived cell therapies are in general whether they have been purified sufficiently to reduce the risk of tumor formation in humans, whether immune suppression will be required (as existing human ESC lines have limited ethnic and immunological diversity (Laurent et al. 2010)), and whether they can be generated in sufficient number for human therapies. Some of these issues, such as immunological compatibility can be addressed through the use of inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are described below. 

The number of known cytokines, as well as the diversity of biological functions, have led to a very complex and often confusing picture of the immunologic and nonimmunologic processes involved. The role of cytokiaes in local or systemic homeostatic mechanisms related to physiological functions may be utilized therapeutically for treatment of cancer and a variety of other diseases (2). Pharmaceutical research and development efforts surrounding lL-1 are typical examples of the cytokine inhibition approach to chronic inflammation research (2). 

Monge R, Garcia B, Echechipia S, Olaguibel JM, 68 Salcedo G Diversity of asparagus allergy clinical and immunological features. Clin Exp Allergy 2004 34 131-136. 

Immunological products comprise a group of pharmaceutical preparations with diverse origins but with a common pharmacological purpose the enhancement of a recipienf s immune status in a manner that provides immunity to infectious disease. The immunological products that are generally available today are of three types vaccines, immunosera and human immunoglobulins. 

Podolsky, S. H. and Tauber, A. I. (1997), The Generation of Diversity, Clonal Selection and the Rise of Molecular Immunology, Harvard University Press, Harvard, MA, p. 508. 

Other contributions to this book have taken a molecular view of parasitic nematodes, yet molecules make only a rather brief appearance here. This chapter has tried to show that parasitic nematodes are fascinatingly and tantalizingly diverse at a phenotypic level. It has focused particularly on diversity in phenotypes that are apparent in response to environmental conditions within or outside a host. The interaction of parasites with within-host factors is a major current research effort. However, helminth immunology is particularly notable for its inattention to diversity, especially when compared with the immunology of parasitic protozoa (Read and Viney, 1996). Observations of the interaction of host immunity with subsequent development in S. ratti show the potential power of such interactions. It is also clear that a principal mechanism of the action of host immune responses is against nematode fecundity (Stear et al., 1997). This is likely to be a molecularly complex interaction. Understanding this interaction, as well as variation in the interaction is interesting, but could also form the basis of control by transmission-reduction rather than eradication per se. 

Komschlies, K.L., Grzegorzewski, K.J., and Wiltrout, R.H. 1995. Diverse immunological and haematological effects of interleukin-7 implications for clinical application. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 58, 623-631. 

Although the concept of flow cytometry originated in studies of blood cells and tumor cells (for review, see Darzynkiewicz et ak, 2004), flow cytometric procedures are now used routinely in disciplines as diverse as immunology, the neurosciences, nutritional sciences, pharmacology, parasitology, and marine biology. This chapter offers an introduction to the theory and practice of analytical flow cytometry, with emphasis on applications in the neurosciences. 

The classical pathway may be activated immunologically by antigen-antibody complexes and aggregated immunoglobulins, and non-immunologically by a number of chemically diverse substances, including DNA, C-reactive protein. Staphylococcal protein A, trypsin-like enzymes and certain cellular membranes (Table III). 

These diverse cellular constituents of the immune system provide protection and repair within the body by two principal components the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Erom a functional perspective, these two immunological systems are crucial to the process of future drug design. 

Kaartinen, M. Makela, O. (1985). Reading of D genes in variable frames as a source of antibody diversity. Immunology Today 6,324-327. 

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