Staphylococcal protein

Probe for neurological function Immunoglobulin incorporation using staphylococcal protein A Mylein basic protein... 

Jagannath, C., and Sehgal, S. (1989) Enhancement of the antigen-binding capacity of incomplete IgG antibodies to Brucella melitensis through Fc region interactions with Staphylococcal protein A. J. Immunol. Meth. 124, 251-257. 

Romano E, Romano M. Staphylococcal protein A bound to colloidal gold a useful reagent to label antigen-antibody sites in electron microscopy. Immunochemistry 1977 14 711-715. 

Specific binding Use of other specific binding properties staphylococcal protein A, avidin-biotin... 

Other substances that exhibit specific binding may be used to separate the free and the bound fractions when attached to a solid phase the ability of staphylococcal protein A to bind to the FC fragment of certain isotypes of IgG can be utilized the strong binding of the vitamin biotin to tetravalent avidin may also be employed. Biotin may be readily incorporated into antibody molecules and these molecules may be subsequently captured by an avidin solid phase. Alternatively avidin may be used to provide a link between a biotinylated antibody and a biotinylated solid phase. 

Starovasnik, M.A., M.P. O Connell, W.J. Fairbrother, and R.F. Kelley. 1999. Antibody variable region binding by Staphylococcal protein A thermodynamic analysis and location of the Fv binding site on E-domain. Protein Sci 8 1423-1431. 

The classical pathway may be activated immunologically by antigen-antibody complexes and aggregated immunoglobulins, and non-immunologically by a number of chemically diverse substances, including DNA, C-reactive protein. Staphylococcal protein A, trypsin-like enzymes and certain cellular membranes (Table III). 

Meininger, D. R Ranee, M. Starovasnik, M. A. Fairbrother, W. J. Skelton, N. J. Characterization of the Binding Interface between the F-Domain of Staphylococcal Protein A and an Antibody Fv-Fragment. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 26-36. 

H. Gouda, H. Torigoe, A. Saito, M. Sato, Y. Arata, and I. Shimanda. Three-dimensional solution structure of the b domain of staphylococcal protein a comparisons of the solution and crystal structures. Bicjchern/istry, 40 9665-9672, 1992. 

Staphylococcal protein A (SPA), with its immunoglobulin binding ability, has been used as an affinity tail for the purification of a human insulin growth factor-1 (lGF-1) fusion. The insertion of an acid-labile Asp-Pro cleavage site at the fusion point allowed the separation of the protein A moiety from lGF-1 (Nilsson et al., 1985). 

Nilssen, B. and Abrahmsen, L. (1990) Fusions to staphylococcal protein A. Methods inEnzymol., 185, 144-161. 

Tolsen, N. D., Boothroyd, B., and Hopkins, C. R. (1981) Cell-surface labelling with gold colloidal particles, the use of avidin and staphylococcal protein A-coated gold in conjunction with biotin and Fc-beanng ligands. J. Microsc 123,215—226. 

Extracorporeal immunoabsorption of plasma over columns containing an inert silica matrix and covalently attached highly purified staphylococcal protein A (Prosorba column) involves apheresis of about 1200 mL plasma weekly for 3 months. 

Although this treatment has been available for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura for several years, its mechanism of action is not understood. Removal of IgG and IgG-containing immune complexes does not explain its effects in rheumatoid arthritis. The most recent hypothesis for this treatment s mechanism of action is down-regulation of B cell function through the release of small amounts of staphylococcal protein A complexed with immunoglobulins. 

SpA, Staphylococcal protein A PpL, protein L from Peptostreptococcus Magnus IgG, immunoglobulin G Gla, y-carboxyglutamic acid SPR, surface plasmon resonance ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance... 

Kushwaha A, Chowdhury PS, Arora K, Abrol S, Chaudhary VK, Construction and characterization of Ml3 bacteriophages displaying functional IgG-binding domains of staphylococcal protein A, Gene, 151 45-51, 1994. 

Staphylococcal protein A-/3-galactosidase hybrid Whey proteins... 

Cedergren, L., Andersson, R., Jansson, B., Uhlen, M., and Nilsson, B. (1993). Mutational analysis of the interaction between staphylococcal protein A and human IgGl. Protein Eng. 6, 441-448. 

Godfrey, M. A., Kwasowski, P., Clift, R., and Marks, V. (1992). A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of staphylococcal protein A (SpA) present as a trace contaminant of murine immunoglobulins purified on immobilized protein A. J. Immunol. Methods 149, 21-27. 

Linkage of enzyme and antibody by auxiliary molecules provides a potentially universal and variable number of systems for use in bioassays. The most common linkage system involves the recognition of biotin by avidin, or more commonly streptavidin (due to its higher affinity for biotin), although the use of staphylococcal protein A can be used for some antibody isotypes (11). An alternative system, but one that is not often used, involves liposomes loaded with enzyme that has antibody molecules on its surface (49). 

Alkaline phosphatase can also be coupled to antigens and antibodies using a two-step glutaraldehyde procedure. In the case of coupling to IgG, a two-step procedure does not seem to be of any advantage. However, in the case of labeling of staphylococcal protein A with alkaline phosphatase, a two-step procedure was found to be the only way to obtain workable conjugates, and with fibronectin it was the most efficient way. ... 

The reactivity of SpA towards Ig depends on species, on the class and subclass of the Ig and on ionic conditions (Section 7.1.8.1). SpA binds Ig predominantly with the Fc portion of IgG molecules. It should be noted, however, that normally occurring antibodies to staphylococcal proteins are very common (Espersen and Schitz,... 

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