Immunity and Susceptibility

Immunizing caries-susceptible rats and mice with S. mutans prevented caries from developing when these animals were fed a caries-promoting diet (see Sect. 15.1.4). Subsequently, the rodents were also protected from caries if they were immunized with the glucosyltrans-ferases purified from S. mutans. 

Similar systemic immunization experiments were carried out in monkeys. Monkeys fed candies and cookies and given water containing 2% sucrose developed many cavities after 3 4 years unless immunized with whole cells of. S. mutans. Various purified protein antigens given by subcutaneous vaccination induced a blood plasma immunoglobulin response that protected monkeys from caries, whereas the glucosyl transferases protected only if vaccination methods that promoted salivary IgA immunity Sect. 12.1.4 were used. 

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IL-9 is a member of the Th2 cytokine family and has been implicated as an essential factor in determining mucosal immunity and susceptibility to atopic asthma. It has also been found in association with severe asthma and to cause airway hyperresponsiveness. ... 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS, a systemic disease characterized by destruction of helper T-cells. This results in impaired cellular immunity and susceptibility to viral, fungal, bacterial and protozoal infections. Zidovudine (formerly AZT) slows the progression of AIDS, but no drug has been identified which ciu es AIDS. 

The patient often has a 5—10% chance of developing the active form of tuberculosis (Basoulis et al., 2012). The development of disease depends on the health of the patient, the patient s immunity and susceptibility to the disease, and the patient s age (Basoulis et al., 2012). In around 10% of tuberculosis cases, the disease can be eradicated completely from the patient (Basoulis et al., 2012). The disease stays as a latent tuberculosis form in around 90% of patients (Saviola, 2012). After many years, there is an opportunity for mycobacteria to reactivate and grow inside the infected organs of patient and the disease turns into the active tuberculosis form (Bajaj and Batra, 2012). 

Amphibians. Amphibians are highly susceptible to endocrine disruption during development of the larval form and during metamorphosis. The action of metamorphosis is triggered and controlled by the thyroid gland via an increase in triiodothyronine and a decrease in thyroxine, and differs greatly between oviparous and viviparous species. Experimentally, it has been shown that disruption during this sensitive period can lead to malformations and adverse impacts on immune and reproductive functions. 

Chronic Morphine s Role on Innate Immunity, Bacterial Susceptibility and Implications in Wound Healing... 

Humans are susceptible to diseases to which other animals are immune and vice versa. This is due to body temperature, biochemical differences, etc. 

May be recovering from acute HBV infection (2) May be distantly immune and test is not sensitive enough to detect very low level of anti-HBs in serum (3) May be susceptible with a false-positive anti-HBc (4) May be undetectable level of HBsAg present in the serum and the person is actually a carrier. 

Gruner, L., Cortet, J., Sauve, C., Limouzin, C. and Brunei, J. C. (2002). Evolution of nematode immunity in grazing sheep selected for resistance and susceptibility to Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis a 4-year experiment . Veterinary Parasitology, 109, 277-291. 

Some aspects of multiple sclerosis are reflected in the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which is induced by immunization of susceptible animals with appropriate encephalogenic proteins or peptides. In these animals, if cultured adult stem cell neurospheres are injected into the bloodstream, injected cells can find their way to damaged portions of the nervous system and improve function in mice. How the injected cells augmented the recovery process is unclear. One possibility is that cells recruited to the lesions differentiated into oligodendrocytes and generated new myelin sheaths, but this seems unlikely in the face of ongoing cellular destruction. 

Endres, R. et al., Listeriosis in p47phox-/- and TRp55-/- mice Protection despite absence of ROI and susceptibility despite presence of RNI, Immunity, 1, 419, 1997. 

The vast majority of information regarding the immunotoxic effects of different chemicals has been derived from laboratory studies of vertebrate responses in which the mechanism of action is evaluated and the subsequent effects on different immune parameters and susceptibility to infection is determined. It is much harder to extrapolate... 

EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA COMPONENTS ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION... 

After college I created a pretty nice lifestyle for myself, working as a massage therapist and competing in triathlons. In 1988 a traumatic injury to my back resulted in serious immune and nervous system complications. I think that may have been a part of what made me susceptible to chemical sensitivities. I quickly changed from being... 

It is indicated for active immunization of children and susceptible adults by SC route in a dose of 0.5 ml. 

The hallmark of type 1 diabetes is selective beta cell (B cell) destruction and severe or absolute insulin deficiency. Type 1 diabetes is further subdivided into immune and idiopathic causes. The immune form is the most common form of type 1 diabetes. Although most patients are younger than 30 years of age at the time of diagnosis, the onset can occur at any age. Type 1 diabetes is found in all ethnic groups, but the highest incidence is in people from northern Europe and from Sardinia. Susceptibility appears to involve a multifactorial genetic linkage, but only 10-15% of patients have a positive family history. 

The transduction activity of STAT4 involves several cell types and at different stages in the immune response. Its role in innate immunity is the production of IFN-y and chemokines by macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells. These early acting cells may also be involved in STAT-dependent tissue destruction. A lack of STAT4 shifts the THi/TH2 balance to TIL cells and results in a decrease in the associated inflammatory response. A deficiency of STAT4 results in augmented inflammatory responses and susceptibility to various infections. 

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