Tetanus immunization

I one in 5 or more years. A Td and tetanus immune globulin are indicated in those patients who have not previously received at least three Td boosters or whose immunization history is unknown.43,44... 

Immunity to tetanus decreases with increasing age, therefore a regular booster every 10 years with tetanus toxoid is recommended. The preferred agent to use in adults is tetanus and diphtheria toxoid (Td) in order to give a booster for diphtheria. Tetanus immunization status should be assessed in the management of wounds in individuals seeking medical care. A tetanus booster should be administered if a tetanus-containing... 

If the immunization history of a patient with anything other than a clean minor wound is not known, tetanus/diphtheria toxoids should be administered. Both tetanus/diphtheria toxoids and tetanus immune globulin should be administered to patients who have never been immunized. 

TETANUS TOXOID, TETANUS TOXOID ADSORBED, AND TETANUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN... 

Tetanus toxoid may be given to immunosuppressed patients if indicated. Tetanus IG is used to provide passive tetanus immunization after the occurrence of traumatic wounds in nonimmunized or suboptimally immunized persons (see Table 51-3). A dose of 250 to 500 units is administered IM. When administered with tetanus toxoid, separate sites for administration should be used. 

Tetanus immune globulin (TIG) is usually given in a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. For a child weighing 66 pounds, how much TIG vaccine should be administered ... 

Botulism (adjunctive therapy to antitoxin), gas gangrene and tetanus (adjunctive therapy to human tetanus immune globulin)... 

Smallpox Vaccine (Dryvax) Tetanus Immune Globulin Tetanus Toxoid... 

Tetanus Immune Globulin [Tetanus Prophylaxis/lmmune... 

Tetanus immune Postexposure prophylaxis 250 units IM. Tetanus... 

Tetanus immune globnlin isolated from solublized Cohn faction II... 

Tetanus immune globnlin (hnman) solvent/ detergent treated [FDA fnll name on product insert]... 

Tetanus Tetanus immune globulin Postexposure prophylaxis 250 units IM. For severe wounds or when there has been a delay in administration, 500 units is recommended. Treatment of tetanus and postexposure prophylaxis of nonclean, nonminor wounds in inadequately immunized persons (less than two doses of tetanus toxoid or less than three doses if wound is more than 24 hours old). 

Passive immunity only lasts a short while and occurs when the mother passes protective agents such as immunoglobulins to the child in, for example, breast milk. Tetanus immunization is another example since it only lasts 10 years. The Rhesus response where the first child immunizes the mother against other children is also well known. Passive immunity also has the potential to produce undesirable immune responses such as allergic reactions or anaphylactic shock. 

Where antigens are introduced into the body intravenously, they usually travel rapidly to the spleen, followed by the fast production of an antibody. Subcutaneous or lntradermal injection of antigens most frequently localizes in the lymph nodes and antigens that are inhaled favor local sensidzadon. In some cases, such as tetanus immunization, loxin produced by the bacteria may be slow and insufficient to provoke a significant immunologic reaction. Thus, the requirement for properly timed booster injections. 

Date of last tetanus immunization Last menstrual period (for females between the ages of 11 and 60) (LMP)... 

Tetanus prophylaxis is administered to those sustaining injuries such as wounds and fractures however, there is no need for a mass vaccination program (Gree-nough, 2002). Tetanus immune globulin is administered to individuals who have never received the tetanus immunization series and who have highly contaminated wounds (Greenough, 2002). 

Patient education in the use of protective eyewear may help prevent corneal injuries and is particularly important in the monocular patient. Tetanus immunization is recommended following significant corneal injuries. 

Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey (1988-94) have been used to analyse the possible effects of DTP or tetanus immunization on allergies and allergy-related sjmptoms among 13 944 infants, children, and adolescents aged 2 months to 16 years in the USA (6). The authors concluded that DTP or tetanus immunization increases the risk of allergies and related respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents. However, the small number of non-immunized individuals and the study design limited their abihty to make firm causal inferences about the true magnitude of effect. 

Supposed neurological adverse effects of diphtheria immunization have been reported, but a causal connection was unclear (11). Of five cases of neurological complications after diphtheria or diphtheria-tetanus immunizations two were classified as vaccine-induced pohomyehtis the other three could be traced back to a hjrperergic reaction to diphtheria toxoids in the cerebral vessels (12). 

Erythema multiforme developed 8 hours after diphtheria-tetanus immunization in a 9-month-old infant (20). There have also been reports of erythema multiforme after hepatitis B vaccine, MMR vaccine, and DPT vaccine. 

Greco D. Case-control study on encephalopathy associated with diphtheria-tetanus immunization in Campania, Italy. Bull World Health Organ 1985 63(5) 919-25. 

Data on adverse events after tetanus immunization have been collected by Behringwerke, Germany (SED-12, 826) and in the framework of the US Monitoring System for Adverse Events Following Immunization (MSAEFI) (SEDA-13, 274). Some figures for particular types of complication are cited below. 

Reports of neurological adverse effects after tetanus immunization have appeared (8). The most common reported complication is a polyneuropathy. In the majority of cases the onset occurred within 14 days of the last injection, and ranged in severity from a single nerve palsy to profound sensorimotor involvement of the nervous system, including cord and cortex. Recovery was usually complete (eight of 10 patients with onset at less than 14 days after injection) but three patients with onset at more than 14 days from injection had only partial recovery. 

Mononeuritis and polyneuritis after tetanus immunization during 1970 and 1977 have been reviewed (9). The frequency of this adverse effect was 0.4 per one million distributed vaccine doses. 

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