Risk, microbial

Factors affecting microbial spoilage of microbial risk in medicines... 

Quantitative risk assessment is now used extensively for determination of chemical and microbial risks in food. This concept helps to systematically and scientifically judge whether certain hazardous compounds may reach unacceptable risk levels when ingested. Quantitative risk assessment can support both quality design and quality assurance but, we discuss it from the assurance perspective. In the past decade, much attention has been paid to assessment of microbial risks due to then-typical differences as compared to chemical risks ... 

Microbial risks are mostly due to single exposures (except for microbial toxins) chemical risks are affected by chronic duration of exposure. Responses to infective pathogens are probably more variable as compared to chemical agents due to different subpopulations and depending on immune status. 

Buchanan R L, Smith J L and Long W (2000), Microbial risk assessment dose-response relations and risk characterization , International Journal of Food Microbiology, 58, 159-172. 

The risk assessment framework we have described for chemical toxicity is applicable to microbial risk assessment. Once the information is available on microbial hazards, which are for the most part acute (immediately observable) conditions resulting from acute (one-time) exposures, and their dose (pathogen count)-response characteristics, we should be ready to assess the risks associated with any dose of interest. Hazard information for the important pathogens is readily available but, as expected, their dose-response characteristics are much harder to come by. So with pathogen risk assessment we see the same types of uncertainties creeping into the framework as we have encountered for chemicals. 

Ottoson, J. and Stenstrom, T. A. (2003). Faecal contamination of grey water and associated microbial risks. Water Res. 37, 645-655. 

Retrospective identification of risk from waterborne infectious disease is a relatively simpler task compared with carcinogenic risks. Many acute effects can be identified with proper population surveillance, related to probable origin, and quantified. Assessments of microbial risks from theoretical projections would be extremely complex. They... 

A range of alternative methods exists at each tier, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Although there is substantial experience with uncertainty analysis in some fields (e.g. climate change), it would be premature to make prescriptive recommendations on which methods to use in exposure assessment. For example, when discussing the use of probabilistic methods for microbial risk assessment, the former European Commission Scientific Steering Committee concluded that a quick harmonisation at the present state-of-... 

Whyte, W., and Eaton,T. (2004), Microbial risk assessment in pharmaceutical cleanrooms, Eur J Parenteral Pharm Sci, 9(1). 

Cox, L. A., and Ricci, R E. (2005). Causation in risk assessment and management Models, inference, biases, and a microbial risk-benefit case study. Environ Int 31, 377-397. 

Blancato, J. N., and Chiu, N. (1993). Predictive modeling for uptake and tissue distribution from human exposures. In Craun, G., ed., Scfety of Water Disinfection Balancing Chemical and Microbial Risks. ILSI Press, Washington, DC, pp. 303—316. 

Armstrong (USA) 2007 Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model for Legionnaires disease at whirlpool spa Legionella Exposure estimate range (CFU/m )... 

Armstrong, T. W., and Haas, C. N. (2007). A quantitative microbial risk assessment model for Legionnaires disease Animal model selection and dose-response modeling. Risk Anal 27, 1581-1596. 

Temperatures above 20°C are dangerous during barrel aging. Excessive heat may cause irreversible color breakdown and the formation of tannin polymers that do not always soften the wine. These changes are even more extreme in wines with a low phenol content and in oxidized media. It is always dangerous to barrel-age wines in cellars without temperature control. Furthermore, higher microbial risks are likely to lead to an increase in volatile acidity. 

LL Gibson, JB Rose, CN Haas. Use of quantitative microbial risk assessment for evaluation of the benefits of laundry sanitation. Am J Infect Control 27(6) S34-S39, 1999. 

CN Haas, JB Rose, CP Gerba. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. New York John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1999. 

The TCR, published by ERA in 1989, requires all public water systems to monitor for the presence of coliforms (measured as total coliforms ) in their distribution systems. Coliforms serve as indicators of many enteric pathogens, and are therefore useful in determining the vulnerability of a system to fecal contamination. In reviewing microbial risks with a federal advisory committee, ERA determined that the available data on distribution system risks warranted further analysis. Potential revisions being considered m lead to the establishment of requirements to address the quality of finished water in distribution systems (ERA, 2004d). 

Microbiological checks are carried out firstly to see if staff are sufficiently skilled in aseptic activities, secondly to determine the microbial risk from the environment and thirdly to validate the aseptic procedures. 

Table 3 Microbial risk factors for human health by contaminated cosmetics based on data by...

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