Regulation of Immune Responses

Biodegradable Nanoparticles as Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems Regulation of Immune Responses by Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine... 

Regulation of Immune Responses by Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines... 

Mowat, A.M., The regulation of immune responses to dietary proteins. Immunol Today, 8, 93, 1988. 

Green D, Flood PM, Gershon RK Immunoregulatory T cell pathways. Annu Rev Immunol 1983 1 439-463. Jiang H, Chess L The specific regulation of immune responses by CDS + T cells restricted by the MHC class IB molecule, Qa-1. Annu Rev Immunol 2000 18 185-216. 

Cytokines and antagonists (2—4), intercellular proteins produced by immune cells, play an important role in the regulation of immune responses. Cytokines are present in a variety of tissues under normal conditions. Through insufficient or excessive production, these macromolecules can mediate chronic inflammatory diseases. An inability to respond to cytokines, eg, interleukin 1 (IL-1) or interleukin 2 (IL-2), may lead to an immunosuppressive state, whereas over-production can result in severe shock, autoimmune disease, or immunopathological conditions, such as leukemia and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Specific communications between immune cells are constantly modulated by naturally occurring inhibitors. 

Proleukin has not been approved for the treatment of HIV however, studies show that proleukin in combination with antiretroviral therapy significantly increases the number of CD4+ cells. Low-frequency doses of subcutaneous proleukin at maintained intervals increased CD4+ cell levels. The CD4 count increased from 520 cells/pd to 1005 cells/p.1, and the mean of CD4+ cells present from 27 to 38%. The overall effects of proleukin administration in combination with other anti-HIV drugs are being studied to determine the regulation of immune response as well as a delay in the progression of HIV disease. 

Li MO, Wan YY, Sanjabi S, Robertson A-K, Flavell L, RA Transforming growth factor-P regulation of immune responses. Annual Reviews of Immunology 2006, 24, 99 146. 

V5. Van Parijs, I., and Abbas, A. K., Role of Fas-mediated cell death in the regulation of immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8, 355-361 (1996). 

The activation, maturation, differentiation, and mobilization of immune cells are controlled by cytokines (e.g., interleukins, interferons, and chemokines), which are soluble mediators produced by immune cells and/or by cells outside the immune system (e.g., epithelial cells and cells of the nervous system). Other soluble (humoral) mediators produced by immune cells include antibodies (immunoglobulins) and complement proteins (plasma proteins produced by monocytes and macrophages as well as hepatocytes). Mediators are important in the implementation and regulation of immune responses. 

Adrenocorticotropic hormone derives from the anterior pituitary in response to the leptin-or stress-induced anorexigenic, hypothalamic CRH. Corticotropin (like enkephalins and MSHs) derives from a precursor polypeptide pro-opiomelanocortin. Corticotropin induces the catabolic adrenal cortex corticosteroid cortisol and the mineralocorticoid aldosterone (Chapter 11) and is an important regulator of immune responses including chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Corticotropin acts via GPCRs to activate Gas and increase cAMP in anterior pituitary cells. 

Sopori, M.L., Geng, Y., Savage, S.M., Kozak, W., Soszynski, D., Kluger, M.J., Perryman, E.K., Snow, G.E. (1998). Effect of nicotine on the immune system possible regulation of immune responses by central and peripheral mechanisms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 189-204. 

P.G. (1991). Regulation of immune response to inhaled antigen by alveolar macrophages difiTerential effects of in vivo alveolar macrophage elimination on the induction of tolerance vs. immunity. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 2845-2850. 

Lynch DH, Ramsdell F, Alderson MR Fas and FasL in the homeostatic regulation of immune responses. Immunol Today 1995 16 569-574. 

SEDGWICK, J. HOLT, P.G. (1985) Down-regulation of immune responses to inhaled antigen. Studies on the mechanism of induced suppression. Immunology, 56, 635-642. 

Schijns, V. E.J.C. (2003) Mechanisms of vaccine adjuvant activity initiation and regulation of immune response by vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 21, 829-831. 

Berdyshev, E.V. (2000) Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of immune response. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 108, 169-190. 

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