Identify Tasks Requiring Procedures

For error analysis purposes, human error identification (HEI) approaches such as SHERPA (Embrey, 1986) can be used see Chapter 14 for a full description of SHERPA. SHERPA uses a behavioral taxonomy linked to an error mode taxonomy and is applied to an HTA of the task under analysis. The behavioral and external 

Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Control Room Operations 

Following the task and error analyses, a judgment should be made on which tasks require procedures. This should be based on task complexity, error potential, and the consequences associated with the errors that are likely to be made. 

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The process begins by identifying those tasks that require procedures or those procedures that require modification of some sort (no methods for identifying tasks requiring procedures are specified). Following this, the relevant documentation is reviewed within the quality managanent system (QMS). If a new document is... 

Not all tasks require procedures also, different tasks require different kinds of procedures in terms of detail and format. The first key issue faced by procedure designers is the identification of those work tasks that require procedural aid. Organizations should have a formal process in place for identifying those safety-aitical tasks that require procedures. Approaches presented in the literature (e.g., Embrey, 1989 Marsden, 1996) advocate task analysis, such as hierarchical task analysis (HTA) (Stanton, 2006), followed by error analysis to identify the likelihood of operators failing a task and the level of criticality associated with failing to perform the task successfully. 

The Control of Major Accident Hazard (COM AH) regulations passed in 1999 were designed to prevent and mitigate major accidents involving dangerous substances (e.g., chlorine, petroleum gas, arsenic pentoxide) that can cause harm to people or the environment (HSE, 2007). The HSE reconunends that all COM AH sites should have a procedure for managing procedures that includes processes to identify which tasks require procedures, how detailed the procedures should be, how to keep procedures up to date, and how to make sure personnel comply with procedures. 

Have an appropriate procedure for managing procedures that outlines how to identify which tasks require procedures and how procedures should be developed, complied with, and reviewed and updated. 

To determine which procedures must be written for a given job, you must first determine the tasks performed in that job. Although there are many different ways to identify tasks (refer to Appendix C, How to Determim Tasks That Require Written Procedures), most of these methods have six common steps ... 

The focus of safety analysis is identifying hazards associated with each step or task. The analysis may uncover whether a task requires workers to perform unsafe acts. To complete a safety analysis, the procedure should indicate what control each hazard needs and how to preform tasks safely. The analysis should clearly identify any hazards which remain. 

Procedure analysis can be used to examine the steps in a procedure or task. Procedure analysis requires the task to be broken down into individual steps. For each step, the hazards are identified and control measures for each hazard determined. Procedure analysis can be expanded to include the use of reliabilities for individual steps that can be ultimately used to determine over all reliability for completing the job task. This procedure can also be referred to as a Job Safety Analysis. The completed analyses are used to determine safe job procedures, the need for personal protection equipment, and the need for engineering controls. 

Employers having employees who are at risk of bloodborne pathogens exposure are required to prepare a written exposure control program. The plan must evaluate routine tasks and procedures in the workplace that involve exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) identify workers performing such tasks and use a variety of methods to reduce the risks. 

Within the approach presented in Figure 2.6, it is recommended that organizations begin by developing a specific breakdown of the competencies that individuals and teams require to undertake each job or role efficiently. It is recommended that task analysis procedures, such as hierarchical task analysis (HTA), are used to identify... 

The question to answer for this pre-startup task is Who needs training for this process and to what level of detail One method to analyze training needs is offered by the Instructional Systems Design (ISD) technical training model. It points to the job task analysis method mentioned previously (Appendix D, ISD Model and Job Task Analysis Techniques) to identify procedure titles as a first step for determining which job positions require specific knowledge and skills. 

The contractors SSAHPs at Sites B, F, and K had general confined space provisions but lacked site-specific confined space procedures. For example, SSAHPs for the Site K contractor and subcontractor had written confined space entry programs, but the programs did not establish site-specific rescue procedures or identify the confined space hazards present on the site. The job hazard analyses for both programs failed to address site maintenance tasks that could involve confined space entry and hot work hazards. The programs also failed to identify the specific person or position responsible for supervising confined space entry procedures and the location of permit-required confined spaces on site. Interviews with both contractors indicated confusion about rescue procedures. 

In a quantum chemical calculation on a molecule we may wish to classify the symmetries spanned by our atomic orbitals, and perhaps to symmetry-adapt them. Since simple arguments can usually give us a qualitative MO description of the molecule, we will also be interested to classify the symmetries of the possible MOs. The formal methods required to accomplish these tasks were given in Chapters 1 and 2. That is, by determining the (generally reducible) representation spanned by the atomic basis functions and reducing it, we can identify which atomic basis functions contribute to which symmetries. A similar procedure can be followed for localized molecular orbitals, for example. Finally, if we wish to obtain explicit symmetry-adapted functions, we can apply projection and shift operators. 

To use metabolic footprinting as a technique for high-throughput applications, benchmark spectra databases with identified peaks are required so that peak patterns obtained from MS or NMR analysis can be rapidly translated into relevant biological information. Common experimental procedures should, ideally, also be established for metabolite analysis [80] such as those existing in proteomics or transcriptomics. Nevertheless, the scientific community has only recently attempted to achieve these tasks. Several databases for identification of metabolomics signals by MS are now available, for instance, BIGG [81], BioCyc [82], MSlib [83], NIST [84], Metlin [85], and HMDB [86] databases. For a more comprehensive list of resources we refer to the review of Werner and coworkers [68]. 

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