Hypersensitive transformations

RCM-related T-cell activity may be assessed in vitro by lymphocyte transformation test [19, 24]. In addition, CD69 upregulation (lymphocyte activation test) was observed in patients with a positive lymphocyte transformation test [24, 39]. These tests appear to be a promising tool to identify drug-reactive T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RCM-induced drug-hypersensitivity reactions. However, the sensitivity and specificity remain unknown and, therefore, these tests cannot be recommended for routine use yet, but further research on the specificity and sensitivity is indicated. 

Romano A, Artesani M. Andriolo M. et al Effective prophylactic protocol in delayed hypersensitivity to contrast media report of a case involving lymphocyte transformation studies with different compounds. Radiology 2002 225 466-470. 

The other major arachidonic acid (AA) converting enzyme is an integral binding protein, 5-lipoxygenase, which is responsible for the initial transformation in a cascade of events towards the biosynthesis of leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are major mediators of numerous biological processes, including chemotaxis, and are implicated in hypersensitivity disorders like asthma. It was discovered in the early 1990s that another protein is necessary for the cellular synthesis of... 

An immunologic basis for chronic beryllium disease has been postulated and a hypersensitivity phenomenon demonstrated. Consistent with the concept of chronic berylliosis as a hypersensitivity pulmonary reaction are the following Persons with berylliosis also show delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to beryllium compounds their peripheral blood lymphocytes undergo blast transformation and release of macrophage inhibition factor after exposure to beryllium in vitro helper/suppressor T-cell ratios are depressed and there is lack of a dose-response relationship in chronic beryllium cases. Hypersensitization may lead to berylliosis in people with relatively low exposures, whereas nonsensitized individuals with higher exposures may have no effects. 

The majority of patients with Burkitt s lymphoma showed an intact delayed hypersensitivity response to DCNB and lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin was also normal in the majority of patients (Z3). Fass et al. (F2) reported that 12 patients with Burkitt s lymphoma when tested with autologous tumor extracts showed measurable cellular responses of the host against his own tumor. In contrast to patients with Burkitt s lymphoma who have impaired antibody production but normal cellular immunity, patients with other forms of neoplasia of the reticuloendothelial system frequently have impairment of both the humoral and cellular aspects of immunity. 

Whereas the normally functioning immune response can successfully neutralize toxins, inactivate viruses, destroy transformed cells, and eliminate pathogens, inappropriate responses can lead to extensive tissue damage (hypersensitivity) or reactivity against self antigens (autoimmunity) conversely, impaired reactivity to appropriate targets (immunodeficiency) may occur and abrogate essential defense mechanisms. 

Figure 32.2. Subpopulations of T helper (Th) lymphocytes characterized by production of different cytokines. The two populations are mutually antagonistic and have different roles in immune defense and pathogenesis. Abbreviations IL, interleukin INF, interferon TGF, transforming growth factor DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity Ab, antiibody.

Gruen [80] found that the vapor of Ndl3 of D3h symmetry with a spherical harmonic k = 1 does not transform as a totally symmetric representation. This is a case that cannot be explained on the basis of symmetric representation of hypersensitivity. Since Ndl3 vapor molecules are in a relatively homogeneous dielectric, the pseudoquadrupole mechanism is not operative. A vibronic mechanism including covalency has been advanced to explain the origin of hypersensitivity in lanthanide complexes. 

The dynamic coupling mechanism predicts that hypersensitivity should be observed when the point group of the lanthanide complex contains Y3m spherical harmonics in the expansion of the point potential. The good agreement between the calculated and observed values for Tj or Q.2 parameters shows that the dynamic coupling mechanism makes a significant contribution to the intensities of the quadrupole allowed f-electron transitions in lanthanide complexes. Qualitatively, the mechanism is allowed for all lanthanide group symmetries in which the electric quadrupole component 6,a,fi and the electric dipole moment p, a transform under a common representation. 

Pefloxacin in suprabactericidal concentrations (2.0 mg/ml and 0.4 mg/ml) markedly suppressed T Ijmphocyte pro-hferation in blast transformation 0.08 mg/ml did not (7). Pefloxacin in a maximal effective dose (200 mg/kg) suppressed delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in mice. 

Denman EJ, Denman AM. The lymphocyte transformation test and gold hypersensitivity. Ann Rheum Dis 1968 27 582-588. 

Lipoxygenases transform PUFAs to lipidhydroperoxides (LOOH). These are decomposed either by enzymes or autocatalytically to further products. Some of these seem to have signalling properties. Therefore it is not astonishing that arachidonic acid was found to be able to elicit the hypersensitive reaction although it does not occur in plants [144-147]. The generation of plant derived lipidperoxidation (LPO) products and their properties - so far known - will be discussed in the following section. 

Wangoo, A., Cook, H.T., Taylor, G.M. and Shaw, R.J. (1994). Enhanced expression of type 1 Procollagen and Transforming growth factor (3 in tuberculin induced delayed type hypersensitivity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149, 682. 

The first group, mainly children with infections, shows persistent IgA and IgM deficiency. It is unusual to see any rise in IgG with infections, this being a useful pointer to its dubious quality. Responses to tetanus, pertussis, and diphtheria vaccines are poor, although some response usually occurs in TAB. Unlike the first case described, most others have shown isohemagglutinins. Lymphocytes have been normal in numbers and in transformation to PHA. The response to dinitrofluorobenzene was normal (D2), but other delayed hypersensitivity reactions have been variable, as has homograft rejection. The lymph nodes have varied from normal through primary follicles with no germinal centers (D2), to absence... 

The serum immunoglobulin pattern has been constant in these cases, and isoagglutinins were absent in four of the boys. The responses to oral poliomyelitis vaccine have been poor Since this oral vaccine usually evokes IgA antibodies, this suggests that the patients IgA may be largely inert. Subnormal responses to diphtheria and TAB are recorded. Lymphocyte transformation to PHA and delayed hypersensitivity were normal where tested. The tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen were normal except in one case with lymphopenia, where tomography did not reveal any thymus, and tonsils, adenoids, and lymph nodes could not be detected (SI). The prognosis seems similar to that for Bruton s disease. 

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