Hyoscine

Hymecromone application, 3, 881-882 Hymexazol as fungicide, 1, 195 Hynobius-blue occurence, 3, 323 Hyoscine... 

Atropa Belladonna Linn. Leaves, 0-4 roots, 0-5 seeds, 0-8 whole plant, 0-2 to 1-0 h5mscyamine with some hyoscine atropine has been found but may have resulted from racemisation during extraction apoatropine and possibly belladonnine (Kreitmair Atropa bcetica. Leaves, 0-82-1-06 roots, 0-94 fruit, 1-09 hyoscyamine and atropine. 

Datura alba Nees. Pericarps, leaves, stems hyoscine. Seeds, hyoscine with a little hyoscyamine. 

Datura arborea. Leaves, 0-44 seeds, 0-23 hyoscine with some hyoscyamine in young stems and roots (Kircher Roots, 0-16 leaves, 0-15 flowers or seeds, 0-12 alkaloid described as datu ine (Montesinos which should be atropine. 

Datura fastuosa. Variety niger fruits, 0-2 leaves and stems, 0-12 roots, 0-1. Variety Jlor ccerul. plen seeds, 0 25. Variety Jior alb. plen seeds, 0-22. In all three varieties, hyoscine alone, or with hyoscyamine. 

Datura Metel. Fruits, 0-12 leaves, 0-2 to 0-5 roots, 0-1 to 0-2 seeds, 0-2 to 0-5. Usually mainly hyoscine occasionally a little atropine or hyoscyamine. worHyoscyamine has also been found.No hyoscine (Libizov ). 

Datura meteloides. Whole plant, 0-4. Hyoscine, atropine, meteloidine norhyoscyamine. ... 

D. quercifolia. Leaves, 0-42 seeds, 0-29. Hyoscine and hyoscyamine (Kircher ). 

Duhoisia myoporoides. Yields of 3 per cent., mostly hyoscine, have been mentioned, but great variation in nature of alkaloidal content is on record, e.g., hyoscyamine, -hyoscyamine, hyoscine. Hyoscyamine and norhyoscyamine, but no hyoscine. Hyoscine or hyoscyamine or both. dZ-Hyoscine, tigloidine, valeroidine, poroidine and woporoidine present hyoscyamine and norhyoscyamine absent. The limits of these variations, at least as regards the two principal alkaloids, hyoscyamine and hyoscine, have probably been settled by Hills, Trautner and Rodwell, who confirmed the statement of Barnard and Finnemore that in the northern portion of the distribution area of this plant, it yields mainly hyoscine and in the southern section mainly hyoscyamine. In 54 samples of leaves from individual trees they found 0-9 to 4-0 total alkaloids in those from the northern section, with hyoscine as the chief component, and 1-0 to 2-7 from those of the southern section, with hyoscyamine replacing hyoscine. 

Ilyoscyamus albus. Leaves, 0-2 to 0-56 roots, OT to 0T4 seeds, 0-16 hyoscyamine and hyoscine. 

Ilyoscyamus niger. Leaves, 0-045 to 0-08 roots, 0-16 seeds, 0-06 to 0-1 tops, 0-07 to 0-1. Chiefly hyoscyamine with some atropine and hyoscine cj. Sievers and Lowman, Allan. A historical account of this drug has been published by Hocking. ... 

Mandragora vernalis. Hyoscyamine, hyoscine, -hyoscyamine, mandragorine (p. 83). ... 

Scopolia carniolica S. atropoides, S. Hladnikiana). Rhizomes, 0-43 to 0-51 hyoscyamine and hyoscine. ... 

Scopolia lurida (Anisodus luridus). Roots, 2 to 2-8, of which about one-fifth is hyoscine (Kreier ). According to Rabinovich and Konovalova, the root contains hyoscyamine and cuscohygrine (p. 103) but no hyoscine. ... 

Hyoscine (Scopolamine, Atroscine), Ci,H2i04N. The name hyoscine was first used by Hohn and Reichardt for the basie hydrolytic product of hyoscyamine, now known as tropine. It was subsequently used by Ladenburg for a supposed isomeridc of atropine, Cj HjgOjN, isolated from the mother liquors of hyoscyamine. This was found by Schmidt, Hesse and others to be identical with scopolamine, Ci,H2i04N, obtained by Schmidt from Scopolia japonica. The name hyoscine has priority and is in use, but scopolamine is also employed, especially in Germany. 

The alkaloid can usually be obtained from the mother liquors of hyoscyamine, but Datura Metel, in which hyoscine is the chief constituent, was the better primary source but may now prove less valuable than selected Duboisia spp. (p. 66). A process of manufacture has been described by Chemnitius, and a method for the recovery of 1-hyoscine from racemised base by Schukina et al. A method for its estimation in presence of opium alkaloids has been devised bj Wallen and Callback. 

Hyoscine, like hyoscyamine, is readily racemised by dilute alkalis, and... 

When warmed with barium hydroxide, dilute alkalis or acids, hyoscin is hydrolysed, yielding tropic acid and a new base, CgHjsOjN, oscine o scopoline. Depending on the conditions of experiment, the tropic aci obtained may be either the pure Z-form or the partially racemised acid but the oscine obtained is invariably inactive. 

It appeared to follow from this that the three known forms of hyoscin are respectively Z-tropyl-dZ-oscine, d-tropyl-dZ-oscine and dZ-tropyl-dZ-oscim the optical activity of the first two being conditioned solely by the activit of the tropyl radicle. This subject was discussed by King, who confirme... 

The formula of hyoscine may now be written as tropylscopine (tropylscopeine by analogy with the tropeines) and the relationship of scopine to oscine, teloidine and tropine, the other principal hydrolytic products of this group, are shown by the following formulae. 

A comparison of the activities of these three alkaloids lias been made by Graliam and Gunn using their antagonism to the effects of carbamjd-choline chloride on isolated mammalian intestine. The relative activities found were, atropine sulphate 1 I-hyoscyamine sulphate 2-4 hyoscine hydro bromide 1-5. The results of previous authors are discussed and reasons suggested for some of the differences found. 

These investigations have followed three main lines, (1) alterations in the amino-alcohol nucleus, (2) variation in the alkyl or acyl side-chains, (3) influence of stereoisomerism. Tropine and ecgonine, the basic components of atropine and cocaine, lend themselves to such investigations, but scopine, the amino-alcohol of hyoscine is so labile that systematic modification of this alkaloid has not yet been possible. 

According to Nyman the pharmacological action of hyoscine is considerably modified in the quaternary compounds of the alkaloid, e.g., the inhibiting action on salivary secretion is greatly increased in the methonitrate, as is also the spasmolytic activity, but the mydriatic action is unchanged and the central sedative activity disappears. 

The same author found Z-hyoscine sixteen to eighteen times as active as the d-isomeride in antagonising the action of pilocarpine on the termination of nerves in the salivary glands, -while both isomerides are equally active on nerve ends in striated and unstriated muscle and on the central nervous system. 

Sauroxine saururine, 753, 7S4 Saussufea Cappa saussurine, 782 Sceleranecic acid, 605 Sceleratlne, 602, 605 Schcenocaulon officinale, 700 Scopine, 64, 66, 88, 107 -scopine, 89 ncr-0-scopine, 89 Scopolamine, see Hyoscine ... 

The hyoscine system occurs alone in certain northern Duboisia myo-poroides, and forms scopine, -tropine, dihydroxytropane and, in Datura meieloides, teloidine. Of these amino-alcohols, all the scopine is esterified by tropic acid and the minor bases by tiglic, methylbutyric or isovaleric acid, which contain the isoprene skeleton and are presumed to arise from that source. 

The hyoscine system occurs alone in all young plants and may continue throughout life in specimens in the northern area it may represent the original alkaloid metabolism of the plant. The hyoscyamine system appears only at the age of four to six months, and in the southern area it replaces the hyoscine system almost completely it appears to be an adapted system and may represent the adult alkaloid metabolism of the plant. Usually both systems are present in varying proportions. 

It may be noted that Datura Metel, in which hyoscine is usually the predominant alkaloid, has been recorded in one instance by Libizov as containing hyoscyamine, but no hyoscine, and a similar difference is mentioned for Scopolia lurida. ... 

According to Rowson, polyploids of solanaceous plants, induced by the action of colchicine, show an increased content of alkaloids, but the relative proportions of hyoscine and hyoscyamine remain the same and are characteristic for the species. 

---