Hydrophobic pollutants, environmental

Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Sutherland, R.P. (1979). Determination of air-water Henry s law constants for hydrophobic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology 13, 333-337. 

Singmaster, J.A., III. Environmental behavior of hydrophobic pollutants in aqueous solutions. Ph.D. Thesis. University of California, Davis, 1975. 

Karickhoff, S. W. Morris, K. R. (1985). Sorption dynamics of hydrophobic pollutants in sediment suspensions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 4, 462-79-... 

Gschwend, P. M., and S. Wu. 1985. On the constancy of sediment-water partition coefficient of hydrophobic organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology 19 90. 

Sabaliunas, D., Lazutka, J. and Sabaliuniene, I. (2000) Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of aquatic hydrophobic pollutants sampled with semipermeable membrane devices, Environmental Pollution... 

Humic and FULVIC acids, along with other organic colloidal materials, are fascinating substances that can have profound environmental consequences. Their abilities to complex radionuclides and toxic metals have been recognized for some time by researchers interested in the migration and mobilization of nuclear and industrial waste at contaminated sites. The micellar properties of humic and fulvic acids also give them the ability to play important roles in the solubilization and transport of hydrophobic pollutants. 

Wania F, Hoff JT, Jia CQ, et al. 1998. The effects of snow and ice on the environmental behaviour of hydrophobic organic chemicals. Environ Pollut 102 25-41. 

Environmental organic pollutants may be degraded depending on their toxicity, solubility, distribution constant Kow because physical properties of hydrophobic chemicals may affect the solubility and therefore the amount of organic carbon available in the aqueous phase for microbial assimilation and further metabolism (Schwarzenbach and Westall 1981). Chemicals are subject to volatilization and such loss is not assessed in most of the study except for physical transformation and material balance purposes. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to volatilized during incubation even with capping and more then 40% of the initial chemicals could be found lost (Yin and Gu, unpublished data). When proper control was not included and such... 

Andren, A. W., Doucette, W. J., Dickhut, R. M. (1987) Methods for estimating solubilities of hydrophobic organic compounds Environmental modeling efforts. In Sources and Fates of Aquatic Pollutants. Hites, R. A., Eisenreich, S. J., Eds., pp. 3-26, Advances in Chemistry Series 216, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 

Okouchi, H., Saegusa, H., Nojima, O. (1992) Prediction of environmental parameters by adsorbability index water solubilities of hydrophobic organic pollutants. Environ. Inti. 18, 249-261. 

Historically, organic environmental pollutants were hydrophobic, often persistent, neutral compounds. As a consequence, these substances were readily sorbed by particles and soluble in lipids. In modern times, efforts have been made to make xenobiotics more hydrophilic - often by including ionisable substituents. Presumably, these functional groups would render the compound less bioaccumulative. In particular, many pesticides and pharmaceuticals contain acidic or basic functions. However, studies on the fate and effect of organic environmental pollutants focus mainly on the neutral species [1], In the past, uptake into cells and sorption to biological membranes were often assumed to be only dependent on the neutral species. More recent studies that are reviewed in this chapter show that the ionic organic species play a role both for toxic effects and sorption of compounds to membranes. 

DHS can significantly affect the environmental behavior of hydrophobic organic compounds and lower the possibility of direct contact of such organic compounds with various solid phases. The rate of chemical degradation, photolysis, volatilization, transfer to sediments/soils, and biological uptake may be different for the fraction of organic pollutant that is bound to DHS. If this is the case, the distribution and total mass of a pollutant in an ecosystem depends, in part, on the extent of humic matter-hydrophobic binding. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and widespread environmental contaminants, some of which may exhibit toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects Because of their low water solubility and hydrophobic nature, PAHs are partitioned... 

There are several future trends for the development of passive sampling techniques. The first is the development of devices that can be used to monitor emerging environmental pollutants. Recently, attention has shifted from hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants to compounds with a medium-to-high polarity, for example, polar pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products.82 147148 Novel materials will need to be tested as selective receiving phases (e.g., ionic liquids, molecularly imprinted polymers, and immunoadsorbents), together with membrane materials that permit the selective diffusion of these chemicals. The sample extraction and preconcentration methods used for these devices will need to be compatible with LC-MS analytical techniques. 

---