Hydrocarbons Amino

Other types of organic compounds that have been determined in ground and surface waters include polyaromatic hydrocarbons, amino acids,... 

Synthetic methods targeting amino acid incorporation into functional materials vary widely. Free-radical polymerization of various amino acid substituted acrylates has produced many hydrocarbon-amino acid materials [161, 162]. In separate efforts, MorceUet and Endo have synthesized and meticulously characterized a library of polymers using this chain addition chemistry [163- 166]. Grubbs has shown ROMP to be successful in this motif, polymerizing amino add substituted norbornenes [167-168]. To remain within the scope of this review, the next section wiU focus only on ADMET polymerization as a method of amino add and peptide incorporation into polyethylene-based polymers. 

Figure 2 shows that the C1-C5 aliphatic hydrocarbons, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids from the Murchison meteorite appear to follow a common trend when their values are plotted against carbon number, values generally decrease as the amount of carbon in the molecules increases. This trend has been interpreted as the result of a kinetic isotope effect during the sequential formation of higher-molecular-weight compounds from simpler precursors (Yuen et al., 1984). The more reactive is preferentially added during the synthesis of the carbon skeleton of these compounds. 

Figure 2 Carbon stable-isotope compositions of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, amino acids, and monocarboxylic acids from the Murchison meteorite plotted against carhon number. Carbon number 1 denotes methane and CO2, 2 denotes ethane, ethanoic acid, glycine, etc. (source Yuen et al., 1984).

The apparatus can theoretically sample to any depth. However, at depths greater than 100 m, it is logistically diflBcult to anchor and to retrieve. The apparatus could be used to monitor baseline trace metal levels, sewage and industrial metal outfalls, offshore dumping sites, and diffusion of heavy metals from polluted sediments. The concentration apparatus could also be adapted to monitor other compoimds such as methylated mercury, chlorinated hydrocarbons, amino acids, etc. by replacing the Chelex-100 in the columns with other resins specific for the compounds to be monitored. 

An electrochemical luminescence-based immunoassay has been presented with HSA labeled with the aromatic hydrocarbon amino-pyrene (Ikariyama et al., 1985). The pyrene-labeled HSA luminesces during reduction at a platinum electrode, and on binding to Ab, the intensity of luminescence is decreased. A detection limit of 10 M for HSA was obtained. Labels with greater luminescence efficiency should provide lower detection limits. 

Hydroxy-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Amino-substituted polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles Polycyclic aromatic nitrogen sulfur heterocycles Hydroxy-substituted polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles Hydroxy-substituted polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles... 

Chemical industry uses activated carbon for purification of various inorganic and organic compounds. It finds application for the decolorization and removal of contaminants from mineral and organic acids, amines, glycols, hydrocarbons, amino acids, and sometimes... 

Various (Steroids, sterols, terpenoids, alicyclic and heterocyclic hydrocarbons, alkaloids, antibiotics, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates)... 

Uses. The principal use of adiponitrile is for hydrogenation to hexamethylene diamine leading to nylon-6,6. However, as a result of BASE s new adiponitrile-to-caprolactam process, a significant fraction of ADN produced may find its way into nylon-6 production. Adipoquanamine, which is prepared by the reaction of adiponitrile with dicyandiamide [461-58-5] (cyanoguanidine), may have uses in melamine—urea amino resins (qv) (see "Benzonitrile, Uses"). Its typical Hquid nitrile properties suggest its use as an extractant for aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Another microbial polysaccharide-based emulsifier is Hposan, produced by the yeast Candida lipolytica when grown on hydrocarbons (223). Liposan is apparentiy induced by certain water-immiscible hydrocarbons. It is composed of approximately 83% polysaccharide and 17% protein (224). The polysaccharide portion consists of D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and D-galacturonic acid. The presence of fatty acyl groups has not been demonstrated the protein portion may confer some hydrophobic properties on the complex. 

Refs. 21, 22, 155. Abbreviations AHV, a-amino-(3-hydroxyvaleric acid Horn, L-homoserine AEG, (3 -(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ppc, phosphoenolpymvate carboxylase the strain improvement largely depends on the transduction technology sensitive resistant —, auxotroph or deficient , leaky auxotroph +, prototrophic revertant. Table 7. Amino Acid Production from Hydrocarbons ... 

Garboxylates. Soaps represent most of the commercial carboxylates. The general stmcture of soap is RCOO M", where R is a straight hydrocarbon chain in the C —C2 range and M+ is a metal or ammonium ion. Intermption of the chain by amino or amido linkages leads to other stmctures which account for the small volumes of the remaining commercial carboxylates. 

The elemental and vitamin compositions of some representative yeasts are Hsted in Table 1. The principal carbon and energy sources for yeasts are carbohydrates (usually sugars), alcohols, and organic acids, as weU as a few other specific hydrocarbons. Nitrogen is usually suppHed as ammonia, urea, amino acids or oligopeptides. The main essential mineral elements are phosphoms (suppHed as phosphoric acid), and potassium, with smaller amounts of magnesium and trace amounts of copper, zinc, and iron. These requirements are characteristic of all yeasts. The vitamin requirements, however, differ among species. Eor laboratory and many industrial cultures, a commercial yeast extract contains all the required nutrients (see also Mineral nutrients). 

Bromophenol blue (3.0...4.6) aliphatic carboxylic acids [225 — 228] malonic and lactic acids [229] palmitic and lactic acids [230] malonic, glycolic, malic, citric, tartaric, ketoglutaric, galacturonic and oxalic acids [196] dicarboxylic acids, succinic acid [231] indoleacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid [232] palmitic acid, palmityl- and stearyllactic acid [223] benzoic, sorbic and salicylic acid [234] metabolites of ascorbic acid [235] chloropropionic acid [236] oligogalacturonic acids [237] amino acids, hydrocarbons, mono-, di- and triglycerides [238] xylobiose, xylose, glucose and derivatives [239] sugar alcohols [91] toxaphene [240]... 

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