Hydrocarbon water systems, ternary

SUMMARY OF COMPARISON OF TERNARY HYDROCARBON (NON-HYDROCARBON) WATER SYSTEMS (From References 2 5)... 

Solid soils are commonly encountered in hard surface cleaning and continue to become more important in home laundry conditions as wash temperatures decrease. The detergency process is complicated in the case of solid oily soils by the nature of the interfacial interactions of the surfactant solution and the solid soil. An initial soil softening or "liquefaction", due to penetration of surfactant and water molecules was proposed, based on gravimetric data (4). In our initial reports of the application of FT-IR to the study of solid soil detergency, we also found evidence of rapid surfactant penetration, which was correlated with successful detergency (5). In this chapter, we examine the detergency performance of several nonionic surfactants as a function of temperature and type of hydrocarbon "model soil". Performance characteristics are related to the interfacial phase behavior of the ternary surfactant -hydrocarbon - water system. 

From this table it is apparent that data on ternary hydro-carbon-non-hydrcarbon systems are in short supply as are data on all four and higher component systems. However, the former need is the most critical for testing purposes as estimating equations which are accurate for ternaries, in general, are accurate for higher multicomponent systems. The table also shows no entries for hydrocarbon-water or petroleum fraction systems. Such systems will be discussed later. 

Nonhydrocarbon-naphthenic and aromatic binary and ternary systems, especially hydrogen-aromatic-naphthenic systems. 4. Water-hydrocarbon binary and ternary systems of all types. Water-hydrocarbon-nonhydrocarbon ternary systems. Petroleum fraction and petroleum fraction-nonhydrocarbon systems. 

The hybrid surfactants synthesized by Guo et al. [206] hydrolyze in moist air and have to be stored in a desiccator. Yoshino et al. [207] synthesized hybrid surfactants which contain an aromatic ring C F2 +iC6H4C0CH(S03Na)-C, H2w+i, where n = 4 and 6, m = 2. 4, and 6, and C6H4 = p-phenylene. These surfactants are stable in the presence of moisture and can emulsify a ternary system consisting of mutually immiscible components hydrocarbon, water, and per-fluoroether oil. 

The API Subcommittee for Technical Data is sponsoring phase equilibria work by Grant Wilson (Wilco Co.) on water non-hydrocarbon/ hydrocarbon systems. The first system will be n-octane, ethylbenzene, and ethyl cyclohexane as binaries with water and as ternaries with hydrogen sulfide as the third component. 

Distribution of a polar compound between the bulk eluent and the surface of the active adsorbent can be used to load the porous column packing with variable amounts of a stationary phase. Eventually, a column containing an active adsorbent can be tran ormed into a "liquid-liquid partition column. In some cases, such as with prepacked columns, this is the only way to prepare a partition-qhromatographic system. If ternary mixtures containing a hydrocarbon, e.g., heptane or isooctane, an alcohol such as ethanol or isopropanol, and water are used, the polar constituents of this mixture are preferentially adsorbed by the stationary phase, especially if its surface area is large. In this case the eluent mixture decomposes and forms a polar stationary liquid rich in water and alcohol in the pores of the stationary phase. Tl greater the polarity differences between the components of the eluent, and the greater... 

Raney K, Benton W, Miller CA (1987) Optimum detergency conditions with nonionic sm-factants I. Ternary water-surfactant-hydrocarbon system. J Colloid Interface Sci 117 282-290... 

Fig. 28(a) shows the surface pressure (7r)-area (A) isotherms of the MS-C2o binary and MS-C2o-AL18 ternary systems [77]. The abscissa refers to the average value of the area per molecule for the binary and ternary systems at the air/water interface. From the n-A isotherm of the binary system, the occupied area of MS is estimated to be 56 A2/molecule, assuming that the occupied area of C20 is 20 A2/molecule at 25mN/m. The result suggested the side-on structure that the long axis of the MS chromophore is nearly parallel to the air/water interface. In addition, MS has the empty space of 36 A2molcculc on its chromophore, if the area of the hydrocarbon chain substituted to the... 

Within a simple ternary DDAB-water-hydrocarbon system, it is reasonable to expect that the effective surfactant parameter remains approximately constant throughout the triangular phase diagram, just as it does along the upper water limit. (Note however, that the head-group area can change at low water fractions due to the effects of hydration on the polar head.)... 

Consider a ternary (three-component) system of amphi-phile, hydrocarbon, and water. What structure do you expect to form if small amounts of the first two components are mixed with a large amount of water ... 

The nonaqueous systems also form liquid crystals analogous to aqueous systems in ternary systems with an added weakly hydrophilic component. SDS has been extensively employed in studies of ternary and quaternary systems with glycerol or formamide, a long-chain alcohol, and, sometimes, hydrocarbon [97-101], In the SDS-glycerol-decanol system the lamellar phase swells extensively, even more so than in water [97], While no liquid crystals form at room temperature in the binary systems, a D-phase occurs when decanol is added. 

In the preceding sections, the phase behaviour of rather simple ternary and quaternary non-ionic microemulsions have been discussed. However, the first microemulsion found by Schulman more than 50 years ago was made of water, benzene, hexanol and the ionic-surfactant potassium oleate [1, 3]. Winsor also used the ionic-surfactant sodium decylsulphate and the co-surfactant octanol to micro-emulsify water/sodium sulphate and petrol ether [2], In the last 30 years, in-depth studies on ionic microemulsions have been carried out [7, 8, 65, 66]. It toned out that nearly all ionic surfactants which contain one single hydrocarbon chain are too hydrophilic to build up microemulsions. Such systems can only be driven through the phase inversion if an electrolyte and a co-surfactant is added to the mixture (see below and Fig. 1.11). 

In figure 3.29c the pressure has now been increased to a value greater than the critical pressure for the SCF-B mixture. The SCF is now miscible in all proportions with B, and the binodal curve no longer intersects the SCF-B binary axis of the ternary diagram. Even at this elevated pressure, the SCF still remains virtually insoluble in A, as would be the case if the supercritical fluid were a low molecular weight hydrocarbon and component A were water (Culberson and McKetta, 1951). As shown in figure 3.29c, the binodal curve intersects the SCF-A binary axis in two locations. The tie lines for the ternary system now indicate that a liquid phase, mostly a mixture of A and B, is in equilibrium with a fluid phase, mainly the SCF with component B. 

Figure 17 Illustration of the fact that microemulsion structure is not simply a function of composition. Shown are partial ternary phase diagrams with nonionic and cationic surfactants at room temperature. For a similar composition (approximately 15% surfactant, 65 wt% water, and 20 wt% oil), the microstructures of the two systems are widely different, as shown by the ratio of the water and oil diffusion coefficients, Dn /Dhc where he here denotes oil (hydrocarbon). The nonionic system has an oil-in-water structure (D //)hc = 200), while the cationic system has a water-in-oil structure (D,/Z)h. = 1/200).

While it is fully miscible with water in all proportions, the partition coefficient in ternary mixtures of n-propanol with water and a possible entrainer such as cyclohexane or benzene is favourable to the hydrocarbon phase (Table 16.3). The lower values of partition coefficient are for those systems in which it is more likely to be economically advantageous to recycle part of the potential reflux to a phase separation with the feed. 

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