Refinery Residue

Trickle-bed hydrocracking Refinery residues, C30+ Hydrogen Stationary catalyst particles... 

The ability to process a wide range of feedstocks including coal, heavy oils, petroleum coke, heavy refinery residuals, refinery wastes, hydrocarbon contaminated soils, biomass, and agricultural wastes. 

Table 2.9 Partial Listing of Refinery Residue Based IGCC Projects Worldwide... 

Sarlux, Sardinia, Italy 551 MW GE (Texaco) Refinery residue Commissioned early 2000 (3 GE MS9001E GTs)... 

The application of ion exchangers to dextrose process liquors involved considerable experimental work because of a number of factors which do not enter into their application to water purification. The accumulation of fats and proteins on the resin surfaces must be guarded against by proper clarification of the liquors to be treated. Such accumulation may result from precipitation as the neutralization progresses, and may soon destroy the effective acid-removing capacity of the anion exchange resin. This difficulty can effectively be eliminated by prior precipitation of thfe refinery residue from the acid liquor by bentonite, a colloidal clay of opposite electrical charge to the colloids,21 followed by filtration. 

Concerning the microtextures of carbons derived from petroleum products, we find that a range of intermediate textures exist, between non-graphitizing and graphitizing carbons. The mechanism of graphitization is important to understand because the worth of carbonaceous products, among which are refinery residues, is a function of the ability to graphitize. 

Cracking and Coking. The dilute bitumen is pumped into coker drums, where it is cracked to yield gas and crude oil overhead, which goes to the refinery. Residual coke contains all of the residual sand and clay which could not be removed in the final extraction, and therefore it is used only as a fuel for the boilers. 

Singapore Syngas Jurong Island, GE Singapore June 2000 Refinery residue (572 mt/d) Direct water quench 1.6 H2 (25 MMscf/d)... 

Gujarat National Fertilizer Co. India 1982 Refinery residue Texaco Rectisol Ammonia... 

Total Fina Elf/Texaco France 2006 Refinery residues Texaco Selexol h2... 

The most common liquid feedstocks are residues from petroleum refining. Like petroleum coke these tend to have a low ash content and a high sulfur content. Sodium compounds in the feedstock can lead to fouling of s mgas coolers, but most refinery residues have had it reduced to less than 30 ppmw as part of the standard refining process. 

Derivation Solutions from refinery residues (molybdenum ore flue dust, copper ore treatment) are (1) concentrated by a salting-out processes and reduced... 

Almost nay catbonaceous material can be used to manufacture activated carbons, if property treated, it has been mads from the blood and bones of naimals. hard and soft woods, rice hulls, nutshells, refinery residuals, peat, ligain, coal, coul tars, pilches, and carbon black. Usually, wood. peat, lignite, and lignin are favored for decolorizing liquid-phase carbons, and nutshells, cost, peat, and petroleum residues are used for gas-phase ndaorbem carbons. 

As mentioned above in Section 2.3, partial oxidation is an alternative process to steam reforming for producing hydrogen from methane. It is also applicable to a wide range of liquid hydrocarbons that include heavy oils found in low-value refinery residues (refinery bottoms ) and to the gasification of coal see Section 2.7. In general terms, the process may be expressed as ... 

It is known that low rarrk and/or oxidized coals are not a srritable feedstock for beneficiation by the oil agglomeration method. The research carried out at the Alberta Research Council has shown, however, that bridging liqtrids, comprising mairtly bitumen and heavy refinery residues are very efficient in agglomeration of thermal bitirminorrs coals. Similar results had earher been reported in the flotation of low rank coals the process was much improved when 20% of no. 6 heavy oil was added to 2 fuel oil. 

For calibration, the melting point of indium were measured, which has a temperature of fusion (MP) = 156.4°C and a heat of fusion Hj= 28.46 J/g (Fig. 2-8). Because reactions at higher temperatures occur in experiments with petroleum refinery residues, additional calibration runs were performed using pewter (MP = 231.84°C, Ffj= 59.61 J/g) and lead (MP = 327.40°C, H = 26.47 J/g). If a calibration at higher temperatures is necessary, potassium perrhenate KReO (MP = 550°C, Hf= 294.8 J/g) can be used. 

The answer to the question as to which products may gained from cmde oils and from refinery residues in which quantities, and by which processes, is an important criterion for the manufacturer. This question may be answered relatively easy for cmde oils using international standardized test methods. Determination of the specific weight of two distilled key fractions allows the nature of the cmde oil to be classified as e.g. paraffin based oil, naphthene-based oil, or mixed base oil [4-4]. Test distillations at atmospheric pressure [4-5 to 4-7] and at reduced pressure (vacuum) [4-6, 4-8, 4-9] can provide the yields of liquid products at an existing refinery lay out. 

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