Hyaluronic acid synthesis

Tomida, M., Koyama, H., and Ono, T., A serum factor capable of stimulating hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured rat fibroblasts, J. Cell Physiol., 91, 323, 1976. 

Tammi, R. and Tammi, M., Influence of retinoic acid on the ultrastructure and hyaluronic acid synthesis of adult human epidermis in whole skin organ culture, J. Cell. Physiol., 126, 389, 1986. 

Akiyama, H. et al., Analytical studies on hyaluronic acid synthesis by normal human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a serum-free medium, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 17, 361,1994. 

Prestwich, G.D. et al., Controlled chemical modification of hyaluronic acid synthesis, applications, and biodegradation of hydrazide derivatives, J. Cont. Rel., 53, 93, 1998. 

A5. Altshuler, C. H., Kinsman, G., and Bareta, J., Connective tissue metabolism I. Hyaluronic acid synthesis by cell-free extracts of human tissues. Arch. Pathol. 75, 206-211 (1963). 

McCarty, M.F. Russell, A.L. Seed, M.P. Sulfated glyco-saminoglycans and glucosamine may synergize in promoting synovial hyaluronic acid synthesis. Med. Hypoth. 2000, 54 (5), 798-802. 

Schachtschabel DO, Binninger E. Stimulatory effects of ascorbic acid on hyaluronic acid synthesis of in vitro cultured normal and glaucomatous trabecular meshwork cells of the human eye. Z Gerontol 1993 26 243-246. 

Carbohydrate Moiety of Stem Bromelain. An Application of the Almond Glycopeptidase for Stmctural Studies of Glycopeptides , Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254,10715-19 Ishimoto, N. Strominger, J.L. (1967) Uridine Diphosphate as the Sole Uridine Nucleotide Product of Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis of Group A Streptococci , Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 148, 296-7... 

Creuzet, C., Kadi, S., Rinaudo, M., Auzely-Velty, R. New associative systems based on alkylated hyaluronic acid. Synthesis and aqueous solution properties. Polymer 47, 2706-2713 (2006)... 

Dougherty, B. A. van de Rijn, I. Molecular characterization of has A from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci. J. Biol Chem. 1994, 269, 169-175. Weigel, P. H. Hascall, V. C. Tammi, M. Hyaluronan synthases. J. Biol Chem. 1997, 272, 13997-14000. 

Mapleson, J.L. Buchwald, M. Effect of cycloheximide and dexamethasone phosphate on hyaluronic acid synthesis and secretion in cultured human skin fibroblasts. J. Cell Physiol. 1981, 109, 215-222. 

Honda, A. Noguchi, N. Takehara, H. Ohashi, Y. Asuwa, N. Mori, Y. Cooperative enhancement of hyaluronic acid synthesis by combined use of IGF-I and EGF, and inhibition by tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, in cultured mesothelial cells from rabbit pericardial cavity. J. Cell Sci. 1991, 98, 91-98. 

Cifonelli The Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic Acid by Group A Streptococcus. IV. Role of Glucosone as an Intermediate in the Synthesis of Glucosamine. J. biol. Chemistry 216, 549 (1955)-... 

Besides the previously mentioned collagen, a wide variety of natural polymers have been involved in the synthesis of bio-nanohybrid materials with potential application in bone repair and dental prostheses. For instance, some recent examples refer to bionanocomposites based on the combination of HAP with alginate [96,97], chitosan [98,99], bovine serum albumin (BSA) [100], sodium caseinate [101], hyaluronic acid [102], silk fibroin [103,104], silk sericin [105], or polylactic add (PLA) [106,107]. These examples illustrate the increasing interest in the subject of HAP-based biohybrid materials, which has led to almost 400 articles appeared in scientific journals in 2006 alone. 

The chemical adjustment of charge density is another potentially rewarding technique. It does, however, require either the synthesis of new polymers or the chemical modification of preformed polymers (e.g., supersulfation of hyaluronic acid [16]). This procedure has not been evaluated in our screening. 

Biosynthetic studies on the formation of hyaluronic acid have yielded less information than have similar studies about the structure of chondroitin. Addition to small, well defined oligosaccharides has not been found. Using labelled nucleoside 5 -glycosyl diphosphates in a bacterial system, evidence has been obtained for the synthesis of hyaluronic acid of high molecular... 

Luo, Y. and G. D. Prestwich. 1999. Synthesis and selective cytotoxicity of a hyaluronic acid-antitumor bioconjugateBioconjugate Cheml0 755-763. 

Shen Y, Li Q, Tu J et al (2009) Synthesis and characterization of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid-based cationic micelles for efficient siRNA delivery. Carbohydr Polym 77 (1) 95—104... 

Compounds known to behave in this way in vivo are listed in recent reviews in this Series.1 2 The structures of some of the /3-D-glucopyranosiduronic acids isolated from urine have been proved by chemical synthesis.3 A few similar derivatives of flavones and triterpenes have been isolated from plants. D-Glucuronic acid also occurs in mammalian tissues as a constituent of acid mucopolysaccharides (aminodeoxypolysaccharides, containing uronic acid), such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitinsulfate, and heparin,4 and it is a direct precursor of L-ascorbic acid in plants and mammals.6 It is present in many of the plant polysaccharides classified as hemicelluloses6 and gums,7 and it has also been found in certain bacterial polysaccharides.4... 

Lamberg, S.I., Yuspa, S.H., and Hascall, V.C., Synthesis of hyaluronic acid is decreased and synthesis of proteoglycans is increased when cultured mouse epidermal cells differentiate, J. Invest. Dermatol., 86, 659, 1986. 

SCHEME 6.23 Preactivation-based one-pot synthesis of the hyaluronic acid trisaccharide... 

---