Humans sweat

Whatever the physiology of odor perception may be, the sense of smell is keener than that of taste (22). If flavors are classed into odors and tastes as is common practice in science, it can be calculated that there are probably more than 10 possible sensations of odor and only a few, perhaps five, sensations of taste (13,21,35—37). Just as a hereditary or genetic factor may cause taste variations between individuals toward phenylthiourea, a similar factor may be in operation with odor. The odor of the steroid androsterone, found in many foods and human sweat, may eflcit different responses from different individuals. Some are very sensitive to it and find it unpleasant. To others, who are less sensitive to it, it has a musk or sandalwood-like smell. Approximately 50% of the adults tested cannot detect any odor even at extremely high concentrations. It is befleved that this abiUty is genetically determined (38). 

Methyl-2-hexenoic acid (mixture of ll and Z isomers) has been identified as the substance responsible for the odor of human sweat. Synthesize the compound from starting materials having five or fewer carbons. 

Tie has good resistance to sulfuric acid.l l A passivating oxide layer is formed up to a potential of 1.8 V at which point corrosion becomes severe. TiC is also very resistant to sea water, neutral industrial waste waters, and human sweat. Cr7C3 is even more corrosion resistant and is used extensively as a passivation interlayer. 

CS is disseminated by burning, explosion, and aerosol formation. It is immediately irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Warm vapors mix with human sweat to cause a burning sensation to the eyes, nose, and mouth. Conjunctivitis and pain in the eyes, lacrimation, erythema of the eyelids, runny nose, burning throat, coughing, and constricted feeling in the chest are the effects which will... 

Critics of our analyses who claim that the trials are flawed implicitly assume that it is my task to prove that antidepressant drugs do not work. But where does the burden of proof lie Earlier in this chapter I listed a few of the substances that have been used medicinally over the centuries. Others include putrid meat, fly specks, human sweat, worms, spiders, furs and feathers. These treatments seemed to work in the past at least well enough for... 

Sommerville, B.A., McCormick, J.P. and Broom D.M. (1994) Analysis of human sweat volatiles -an example of pattern-recognition in the analysis and interpretation of gas chromatograms. Pestic. Sci. 41, 365-368. 

In pure liquid form, lewisite causes blindness, immediate destruction of lung tissue, and systemic blood poisoning. It is absorbed through the skin like distilled mustard, but is much more toxic to the skin. Skin exposure results in immediate pain a rash forms within 30 minutes. Severe chemical burns are possible. Blistering of the skin takes up to 13 hours to develop. Lewisite does not dissolve in human sweat. It commingles with sweat, then flows to tender skin areas such as the inner arm, buttocks, and crotch. 

The impacts from inhalation are not known. Since CX dissolves in human sweat, it can flow to tender skin areas of the body (e.g., armpits, buttocks, crotch). Since its effects are instantaneous, even immediate decontamination may do little to ease pain.1 As a form of calibration, a downwind evacuation from a 55-gallon spill should be a minimum of 2.1 miles.2 See Table 3.3 for a summary of the symptoms of exposure and potential medical treatment options. 

In addition to the cathelicidins and defensins, humans also utilize a variety of other host defense peptides. Examples of these include the anionic dermcidins, found in human sweat and possessing potent antimicrobial activity in a broad range of pH and salt concentrations, and the histatins, a histidine-rich host defense peptide family found in humans and higher primate species. The histatins are normally found in saliva and utilize an alternative mechanism to bacterial membrane lysis for their antimicrobial activity. ... 

Phenol is a low-melting solid with a somewhat peculiar but not really unpleasant odor. Though not a potent toxin, it must be handled with care as it does damage in contact with the skin. Derivatives of phenol in which a methyl group is added to the benzene ring either adjacent to the hydroxyl group, 2-methylphenol, or at the position directly opposite to the hydroxyl group, 4-methylphenol, are components of human sweat ... 

Although most patch testing is done with nickel sulfate because it is less irritating than nickel chloride, exposure of the skin to nickel alloys results in the release of nickel chloride from the influence of human sweat. Therefore, nickel chloride is the more relevant form of nickel for examining threshold concentrations (Menne 1994). Menne and Calvin (1993) examined skin reactions to various concentrations of nickel chloride in 51 sensitive and 16 nonsensitive individuals. Although inflammatory reactions in the sweat ducts and hair follicles were observed at 0.01% and lower, positive reactions to nickel were not observed. To be scored as a positive reaction, the test area had to have both redness and infiltration, while the appearance of vesicles and/or a bullous reaction were scored as a more severe reaction. At 0.1%, 4/51 and 1/51 tested positive with and without 4% sodium lauryl sulfate. Menne et al. (1987) examined the reactivity to different nickel alloys in 173 nickel-sensitive individuals. With one exception (Inconel 600), alloys that released nickel into synthetic sweat at a rate of <0.5 pg/cmVweek showed weak reactivity, while alloys that released nickel at a rate of >1 pg/cm /week produced strong reactions. 

The wearing of copper bracelets to benefit arthritis is an apocryphal use of copper. It is not clear whether any measurable amount of copper is dissolved by the body. The average weight loss from copper bracelets is 12 mg month-1 while they are worn. Studies show that components in human sweat could solubilize this metal and possibly aid its absorption. On the other hand, copper-coated intrauterine devices can lead to the dissolution of about 25-50 mg Cu per year. There are no studies to show whether this leads to chronic copper toxicity or whether there is a protective effect against... 

All humans sweat. In fact, all mammals—including dogs, horses, and chimpanzees—sweat in one way or another. Sweating, or perspiring, is the body s way of regulating its own temperature and scent, using the process of evaporation. 

When humans sweat, we produce a watery, salty, sometimes odorous fluid, through specialized glands in the skin. A gland is an organ that creates and releases special substances, including hormones and other liquids. Humans have two types of sweat glands. Both use evaporation, but each gland has a different purpose. 

Horowitz SB, Finley BL. 1993. Using human sweat to extract chromium from chromite ore processing residue Applications to setting health-based cleanup levels. J Toxicol Environ Health 40 585-599. 

Ha TS, Smith DP (2006) A pheromone receptor mediates 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate-induced responses in Drosophila. J Neurosci 26 8727-8733 Hallem EA et al (2004a) Olfaction mosquito receptor for human-sweat odorant. Nature 427 212-213... 

The product was previously identified in beer by Andrews (1987) and in human sweat by Polak et al. (1988), and characterized as sunstruck or lightstruck off-flavor. The cause has been attributed to the degradation of bitter isohumulones from hops under the influence of ultraviolet light (Bondeel et al., 1987). By photofragmentation trans-isohumulone liberates a prenyl radical which can trap a thiol radical, producing an undesired flavor for beer. Holscher et al. (1992) have also shown that 3-methyl-2-buten-l-thiol and 3-mercapto-3-methylbutanol are principally formed under pyrolytic conditions in roast model reactions of prenyl alcohol and sulfur-containing amino acids. 

Compared to the thus far discussed emphasis on drug discovery applications, olfactory receptors play an important role in the perfume and cosmetic industry the screening and design of new odorants is an economically interesting application. The discovery that the malaria transmitting mosquitos Anopheles, which is responsible for the death of more than one million people each year, possesses odorant receptors for particular components of human sweat means that different ligands could be screened for their activation or inhibition of these receptors, potentially leading to new, more effective insect traps and repellents [126]. 

In addition to gastrointestinal absorption, nickel may also enter the body by inhalation, transcutaneous absorption, and parenteral administration. In humans, approximately 35% of inhaled nickel is absorbed from the respiratory tract the remainder is carried up the tracheobronchial mucociliary escalator and either swallowed or expectorated (Bennett 1984, Grandjean 1984, Sunderman 1986b). In penetration through the epidermis, nickel may be bound to urocanic acid and histidine, which occur in human sweat (Mali etal. 1964). Hostynek etal. 

Cohn JR and Emmett EA (1978) The excretion of trace metals in human sweat. Ann Clin Lab Sci 8 270-275. 

Mali JWH, Speuit D and Seuttee E (1964) Chelation in human sweat. Clin Chim Acta 9 187-190. 

Methanoic, ethanoic and propanoic acids all have sharp. Vinegary smells. The smell of butanoic acid is detected in rancid butter and human sweat. Each person s sweat glands produce a characteristic blend of carboxylic acids, and the ability of dogs to track humans stems from the fact that the animals can detect and distinguish these different combinations of carboxylic acids. 

Electrically conductive adhesives are being used to interconnect flip-chip devices in smart cards resulting in thinner and smaller structures. Flip-chip silicon devices that have been thinned to several mils may be connected to a substrate with silver-filled paste epoxy or with anisotropic film adhesive instead of solder, then embedded and laminated to form a card that is less than 40-mils thick. Requirements for adhesives used in smart cards, in many respects, are more severe than those for other commercial applications. Besides having to withstand high humidity and temperature extremes, smart cards must take the continued abuse of human handling, repeated bending, exposure to human sweat and salt residues, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. 

Human sweating is minimal (about 350ml/24h) under a subject-specific sweat threshold, but increases to values up to several liters per hour during exercise. The maximum sweat rate recorded is 3.7 1/h from Alberto Salazar (Armstrong et al., 1986). An important heat strain indicator is the sweat efficiency, defined as the ratio of evaporated versus produced sweat. In protective clothing, the sweat efficiency is low and heat strain is imminent. In windy, hot dry environments, sweat efficiency can become close to 100% and humans can cool efficiently. Subjects with sweat abnormalities such as hypohidrosis or anhidrosis are not able to produce sufficient sweat to cool and may have additional health risks in the heat. The sweat efficiency is the basis of the ISO standard 7933 (Malchaire, 2006). 

---