Humans rectal

Hawkey, C.J. and Truelove, S.C. (1983). Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in human rectal mucosa. Gut 24, 213-217. 

In view of the high level of infection amongst male homosexuals, it is of interest that lymphoid follicles, equivalent to Peyer s patches are abundant in the human rectal mucosa. 

Rectal absorption is generally slower than oral absorption, but for some drugs, rectal absorption exceeds oral absorption presumably due to avoidance of first-pass metabolism after rectal delivery. This has been reported for morphine, metoclopramide, ergotamine, lidocaine, and propranolol. Human rectal systemic availability of the extensively metabolized drug lidocaine is 65% as compared to 30% after oral administration.f ... 

Willett CG et al. Direct evidence that the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab has antivascular effects in human rectal cancer. Nature Medicine 2004 10 145-147. 

Ahrne, S., Nobaek, S., Jeppsson, B., Adlerberth, L, Wold, E. E., MoUn, G. (1998). The normal Lactobacillus flora of healthy human rectal and oral mucosa. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 85, 88-94. 

Mattern J, Kallinowski F, Herfarth C, Volm M (1996) Association of resistance-related protein expression with poor vascularization and low levels of oxygen in human rectal cancer. Int J Cancer 67 20-23... 

Willett CG, Boucher Y, di Tomaso E, Duda DG, Munn LL, Tong RT, Chung DC, Sahani DV, Kalva SP, Kozin SV, Mino M, Cohen KS, Scadden DT, Hartford AC, Fischman AJ, Clark JW, Clark JW, Ryan DP, Zhu AX, Blaszkowsky LS, Chen HX, Shellito PC, Lauwers GY, Jain RK (2004) Direct evidence that the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab has antivascular effects in human rectal cancer. Nat Med 10 145-147... 

Pool-Zobel BL, Domacher I, Lambertz R, Knoll M, Seitz HK. Genetic damage and repair in human rectal cells for biomonitoring sex differences, effects of alcohol exposure, and susceptibilities in comparison to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res. 2004 551 (1-2) 127-134. 

Kurosaka, A., Nakajima, H., Funakoshi, I., Matsuyama, M., Nagayo, T, and Yamashina, I., 1983, Structures of the major oligosaccharides from a human rectal adenocarcinoma glycoprotein, J. Biol. Chem. 258 11594-11598. 

The inflammatory response in UC is propagated by atypical type 2 helper T cells that produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).7 As discussed previously, a genetic predisposition to UC may partially explain the development of excessive colonic and rectal inflammation. The finding of positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) in association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 allele in a large percentage of patients with UC supports this theory.4,12... 

Lennernas, H., Gjellan, K., Hallgren, R., Graffner, C., The influence of caprate on rectal absorption of phenoxymethyl-penicillin experience from an in-vivo perfusion in humans, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2002, 54, 499-508. 

The design of vaginal, rectal, and nasal irritation studies is less formalized, but follows the same basic pattern as the primary dermal irritation test. The rabbit is the preferred species for vaginal and rectal irritation studies, but the monkey and dog have also been used for these (Eckstein et al., 1969). Both the rabbit and rat have commonly seen use for nasal irritation evaluations. Defined quantities (typically 1.0 ml) of test solutions or suspensions are instilled into the orifice in question. For the vagina or rectum inert bungs are usually installed immediately thereafter to continue exposure for a defined period of time (usually the same period of hours as future human exposure). The orifice is then flushed clean, and 24 h after exposure it is examined and evaluated (graded) for irritation using the scale in Table 11.1. 

Human immunodeficiency virus proteins were detected by immunohisto-chemistry in the duodenal and rectal mucosa (Jl). HIV infected cells were... 

Raab Y, Hallgren R, Knutson L, Krog M and Gerdin B (1992) A Technique for Segmental Rectal and Colonic Perfusion in Humans. Am J Gastroenterol 10 pp 1453-1459. 

Conclusions drawn from in vitro cell studies with heavy ion beams of varying LET have indicated that approximately 100 keV /tm" was optimal in achieving a maximum relative biological effect (R6E), as demonstrated by the blocking of cells in Gj -1- M and subsequent lethal effects (21,96,97). The efficient arrest of cultured human squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx (HEp2) and murine rectal adenocarcinoma... 

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