Piping systems, design

The following general guidelines are most applicable to piping system designs. 

Code of Practice No. 22, LPG piping system design and installation... 

An extensive discussion of the techniques used for piping system design and specification is beyond the scope of this book. The subject is covered thoroughly in the books by Sherwood (1991), Kentish (1982a) (1982b), and Lamit (1981). 

The code also excludes piping systems designed for internal gauge pressures at or above zero but less than 0.105 MPa (15 Ibf/inU provided the fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues, and its design temperature is from -29 C (-20 F) through 186 C (366 F). Refer to the code for definitions of nonflammable and nontoxic. 

Flow generally is considered to be fully laminar at Reynolds numbers below 1500 in transition between 1500 and 4000 and turbulent above 4000. Thus, Ihe Reynolds number is a most useful tool in constructing piping system designs and in sizing flowmeters. Orifice or throat Reynolds number, R,i = Ro/d/D, where d = diameter of orifice bore (inches) D = inside diameter of conduit or pipe (inches). 

Handbook of Thermoplastic Piping System Design, Thomas Sixsmith and Reinhard Hanselka... 

Thermal expansion and the resultant pipe stresses must be considered in any piping system design. For example, if the temperature changes from 50 to 600°F, the increase in length would be 4.9 in. per 100 ft for steel pipe and 7.3 in. per 100 ft for brass pipe. This amount of thermal expansion could easily cause a pipe or wall to buckle if the pipe were fastened firmly at each end with no allowances for expansion. The necessary flexibility for the piping system can be provided by the use of expansion loops, changes in direction, bellows joints, slip joints, and other devices. 

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PIPING SYSTEMS 5.5.1. Piping System Design Codes... 

Piping systems designed for pressures less than 15 psi gage that handle fluids that are nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues and are at temperatures between —29°C (—20°F) and 186°C (366°C) ... 

Pipe supports and restraints are not considered in the flexibility calculation. It is assumed that the supports which have not been considered in the analysis should be located and designed so as not to interfere with the flexibility of the system. The reactions computed by this method shall not exceed the limits which the attached equipment can safely sustain. Application of such equipment as pumps, turbines and similar strain sensitive machines should receive the manufacturer s approval and the piping system design should be flexible enough to comply with their recommendations. 

Figure 9.12 shows a GRP pipe system designed by John Taylor Sons to contain sewage. The pipe is for installation in the United Arab Emirates where the particular local conditions make the use of GRP invaluable, and GRP is used with a vinyl ester inner liner and ECR glass, associated with an outer structural wall made from polyester resin. 

Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks and Piping Systems Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance Inspection of Terminal and Tank Facilities... 

Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems Design, Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Impressed Current Deep Groundbeds Corrosion Control of Electric Underground Residential Distribution Systems Design, Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Internal Cathodic Protection Systems in Oil... 

Ellenberger, J. P. 2010. Piping and Pipeline Calculations Manual Construction, Design, Fabrication, and Examination, Amsterdam, Boston Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier. Written by an author with 40 years of personal experience as an engineer and instructor, this handbook focuses on the calculations, codes and standards related to piping system design, construction and maintenance. Dozens of worked examples support the text. 

Sixsmith, T. and R. Hanselka. 1997. Handbook of Thermoplastic Piping System Design. New York Marcel Dekker. This work covers in detail the advances in plastic pipe and piping systems and applications where modern plastics can be used in place of more traditional metal pipe. Includes over 70 pages of basic reference data and nearly 200 pages of chemical resistance data. 

All piping system designs are based on designing a piping system that will effectively and efficiently transport the required product. The design criteria for all... 

Thermal expansion and contraction are key items of concern in the design of a thermoplastic piping system. Design parameters should be developed and incorporated into the installation specifications. Thermoplastic piping materials have a higher coefficient of expansion than some other common pipehne materials, however, the forces generated by thermal stresses are much lower because the modulus of elasticity is lower and it is capable of stress relaxation. 

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