Human monocytes, activation

Espinoza-Delgado, I. et al., Interleukin-2 and human monocyte activation, J Leukoc. Biol, 57, 13,1995. 

Ialenti, A., Di Meglio, P., Grassia, G., Maffia, P, Di Rosa, M., Lanzetta, R., Molinaro, A., Silipo, A., Grant, W. and Ianaro, A. A novel lipid A from Halomonas magadiensis inhibits enteric LPS-induced human monocyte activation. Eur J Immunol 36 (2006) 354-360. 

Poupot M, Griffe L, Marchand P, Maraval A, Rolland O, Martinet L, L Faqihi-Olive FE, Turrin CO, Caminade AM, Foumie JJ, Majoral JP, Poupot R (2006) Design of phosphoiylated dendritic architectures to promote human monocyte activation. FASEB J 20 2339-2351... 

Ginsenan S-IIA, a polysaccharide fraction from the roots of P. ginseng is a potent inducer of IL-8 production by human monocytes and THP-1 cells, and this induction is accompanied by increased IL-8 mRNA expression. The polysaccharide appears from the structural feature to be a mixture of arabino-galactan type I and type II, based on the presence of 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,3,6-, 1,4-, and 1,4,6-galactose units as well as terminal arabinose and 1,5-, 1,3,5-, and 1,2,5-linked units. It also contains 1,4,6-linked glucose units that together with the 1,2,5-linked arabinose units are different from the units found in other ginseng polysaccharides and may thus be of importance for the activity [64]. 

Muesing MA, Smith DH, Capon DJ (1987) Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein. CeU 48(4) 691-701 Nicholson JK, Cross GD, CaUaway CS, McDougal JS (1986) In vitro infection of human monocytes with human T lymphotropic virus type Ill/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/ LAV). J Immunol 137(l) 323-329... 

Shen W, Li B, Wetzel MA, Rogers TJ, Henderson EE, Su SB, Gong W, Le Y, Sargeant R, Dimitrov DS, Oppenheim JJ, Wang JM (2000) Down-regulation of the chemokine receptor CCR5 by activation of chemotactic formyl peptide receptor in human monocytes. Blood 96 2887-2894... 

McNally, A.K., Chisholm, G.M., Morel, D.W. and Cathcart, M. (1990). Activated human monocytes oxidise low density lipoprotein by a lipoxygenase dependent pathway. J. Immunol. 145, 254-259. 

Schroder JM, Mrowietz U, Morita E, Christophers E. Purification and partial biochemical characterization of a human monocyte-derived, neutrophil-activating peptide that lacks interleukin 1 activity. J Immunol 1987 139 3474-3483. 

Graziani-Bowering G, Filion LG, Thibault P, Kozlowski M. CD4 is active as a signaling molecule on the human monocytic cell line Thp-1. Exp Cell Res 2002 279(1) 141-152. 

McGee M. P., Li L. C. Functional difference between intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Kinetics of factor X activation on human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. J Biol Chem 1991 266,8079-85. 

Leung L Saigo K., Grant D. Heparin binds to human monocytes and modulates their procoagulant activities and secretory phenotypes. Effect of histidine-rich glycoprotein. Blood 1989 73, 177-84. 

Coutant, K.D. et al., Modulation of the activity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by chemical haptens, a metal allergen, and a staphylococcal superantigen, Toxicol. Sci., 52, 189, 1999. 

Furthermore, in a recent study by Takei and colleagues, the ginsenoside metabolites Ml (Compound K) and M4 (20(S)-Protopanaxatriol) were demonstrated to promote the maturation of human monocyte-derived DCs [48], M4, and to a lesser extent Ml, increased the DC expression of key costimulatory molecules, decreased their endocytic activity, and induced their production of IL-12. Moreover, these effects had the end result of generating mature DCs that could induce potent Thl polarization. Unfortunately, it was not clearly defined in this study if the ginsenoside metabolites were used at physiologically relevant concentrations, a variable that would be expected to have significant implications on the interpretation of these results. 

Mandrekar, P., Catalano, D., and Szabo, G., Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-mediated NFkappaB activation by ethanol in human monocytes, Int. Immunol., 11, 1781, 1999. 

The antiretrovirus properties of NO were shown in mice infected with Friend leukemia virus, a murine retrovirus. NO produced by NO-generating compounds or activated macrophages inhibits viral replication in fibroblast cultures, and is involved in defens against this murine retrovirus in vivo [134]. It was also reported that NO donors can inhibit HIV-1 replication in human monocytes through induction ofiNOS [135],... 

The uPA receptor also appears to play a role in cell locomotion and chemo-taxis, at least for human monocytes in vitro (G8). Using these cells, chemotaxis was inhibited by pretreatment with both anti-uPA receptor antibodies and anti-sense uPA receptor oligonucleotides. Expression of uPA catalytic activity was not required for chemotaxis with this cell type (G8). 

Thioesters play a paramount biochemical role in the metabolism of fatty acids and lipids. Indeed, fatty acyl-coenzyme A thioesters are pivotal in fatty acid anabolism and catabolism, in protein acylation, and in the synthesis of triacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesterol esters [145], It is in these reactions that the peculiar reactivity of thioesters is of such significance. Many hydrolases, and mainly mitochondrial thiolester hydrolases (EC 3.1.2), are able to cleave thioesters. In addition, cholinesterases and carboxylesterases show some activity, but this is not a constant property of these enzymes since, for example, carboxylesterases from human monocytes were found to be inactive toward some endogenous thioesters [35] [146], In contrast, allococaine benzoyl thioester was found to be a good substrate of pig liver esterase, human and mouse butyrylcholinesterase, and mouse acetylcholinesterase [147],... 

Wintergerst, E.S., JeUc, J., Rahner, C., Asmis, R., 2000, Apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in human monocyte-derived macrophages involves CD36 and activation ofcaspase-3, Eur. J. Biochem. 267 6050-6059. 

In monocytes stimulated with Toll-like receptor-triggering bacterial products, histamine inhibits the production of proinflammatory IL-1-like activity, TNF-a, IL-12 and IL-18, but enhances IL-10 secretion, through HR2 stimulation [26, 69]. Histamine also downregulates CD 14 expression via Hj receptors on human monocytes [70]. The inhibitory effect of histamine via Hj receptor appears through the regulation of ICAM-1 and B7.1 expression, leading to the reduction of innate immune response stimulated by LPS [71]. 

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