Human immunodeficiency virus type isolation

Smyth, R. J., Yi, Y., Singh, A., and Collman, R. G. (1998). Determinants of entry cofactor utilization and tropism in a dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate. J. Virol. 72 4478-4484. 

Partaledis JA, Yamaguchi K, Tisdale M, Blair EE, Falcione C, Maschera B, Myers RE, Pazhanisamy S, Futer O, CuHinan AB et al (1995) In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydrox-yethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease. J Virol 69 5228-5235 Patick AK (2006) Rhinovirus chemotherapy. Antiviral Res 71 391-396... 

Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996) Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381 661-666 Derdeyn CA, Decker JM, Sfakianos JN, Wu X, O Brien WA, Ratner L, Kappes JC, Shaw GM, Hunter E (2000) Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gpl20. J Virol 74 8358-8367... 

De Meyer S, Azijn H, Surleraux D, Jochmans D, Tahri A, Pauwels R, Wigerinck P, de Bethune MP (2005) TMC114, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor active against protease inhibitor-resistant viruses, including abroad range of chnical isolates, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 2314-2321... 

Hertogs K, de Bethune MP, Miller V, Ivens T, Schel P, Van Cauwenberge A, Van Den Eynde C, Van Gerwen V, Azijn H, Van Houtte M, Peelers F, Staszewski S, Conant M, Bloor S, Kemp S, Larder B, Pauwels R (1998) A rapid method for simultaneous detection of phenotypic resistance to inhibitors of protease and reverse transcriptase in recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 269-276... 

Najera I, Richman DD, Olivares I, Rojas JM, Peinado MA, Perucho M, Najera R, Lopez GaHndez C (1994) Natural occurrence of drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10 1479-1488 Nijhuis M, Boucher CAB, Schipper R Leitner T, Schuurman R, Albert J (1998) Stochastic processes strongly influence HIV-1 evolution during suboptimal protease inhibitor therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 14441-14446... 

Gorry PR, Bristol G, Zack JA et al (2001) Macrophage tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from brain and lymphoid tissues predicts neurotropism independent of coreceptor specificity. J Virol 75 10073-10089... 

Yi Y, Rana S, Turner JD, Gaddis N, Collman RG. CXCR-4 is expressed by primary macrophages and supports CCR5- independent infection by dual-tropic but not T-tropic isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1998 72(l) 772-777. 

Karlsson I, Grivel JC, Chen SS, et al. Differential pathogenesis of primary CCR5-using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in ex vivo human lymphoid tissue. J Virol 2005 79(17) 11151-11160. 

Marozsan AJ, Kuhmann SE, Morgan T, et al. Generation and properties of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate resistant to the small molecule CCR5 inhibitor, SCH-417690 (SCH-D). Virology 2005 338(1) 182-199. 

Saunders CJ, McCaffrey RA, Zharkikh I, et al. The VI, V2, and V3 regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope differentially affect the viral phenotype in an isolate-dependent manner. J Virol 2005 79(14) 9069-9080. 

Chabot DJ, Zhang PF, Quinnan GV, Broder CC. Mutagenesis of CXCR4 identifies important domains for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 X4 isolate envelope-mediated membrane fusion and virus entry and reveals cryptic coreceptor activity for R5 isolates. J Virol 1999 73(8) 6598-6609. 

Yi Y, Shaheen F, Collman RG. Preferential use of CXCR4 by R5X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates for infection of primary lymphocytes. J Virol 2005 79(3) 1480-1486. 

Yi Y, Singh A, Shaheen F, Louden A, Lee C, Collman RG. Contrasting use of CCR5 structural determinants by R5 and R5X4 variants within a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolate quasispecies. J Virol 2003 77(22) 12057-12066. 

In order to identify novel lead compounds with antiviral effects, methanol and aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants in the Zingiberaceae family were screened for inhibition of proteases from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). By bioassay-guided fractionation, eight fiavones were isolated from the black rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall, ex Baker. The most effective inhibitors, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyfiavone and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, inhibited HIV-1 protease, with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values of 19 0,M. Moreover, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone inhibited HCV protease and HCMV protease, with IC50 values of 190 and 250 pM, respectively. 

Mellors JW, Bazmi HZ, Schinazi RF, Roy BM, Hsiou Y, Arnold E, et al. Novel mutations in reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reduce susceptibility to foscamet in laboratory and clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995 39 1087-1092. 

Lamellarin T-V and Y sulfates (67-70) were isolated from an unidentified ascidian from the Arabian Sea coast of India [97]. Four additional lamellarin sulfates, the 20-sulfates of lamellarins B, C and L and lamellarin G 8-sulfate (71-74) were isolated from Didemnum chartaceum from the Great Barrier Reef [98]. Unusually long relaxation times were observed for certain signals in the H NMR spectra of these compounds. Lamellarin a 20-sulfate (75) was isolated from an unidentified ascidian from India and was an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase [99]. 

Ohagen, A., Ghosh, S., He, J., Huang, K., Chen, Y., Yuan, M., Osathanondh, R., Gartner, S., Shi, B., Shaw, G., and Gabuzda, D. (1999). Apoptosis induced by infection of primary brain cultures with diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates Evidence for a role of the envelope.. Virol. 73, 897-906. 

Connor, R. I., Paxton, W. A., Sheridan, K. E., and Koup, R. A. (1996) Macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes from two multiply exposed, uninfected individuals resist infection with primary non-syncytium-inducing isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 70, 8758-8764. 

The retroviruses associated with AIDS (autoimmune deficiency syndrome), namely, human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, -2), display considerable genome sequence variability not only between isolates from different individuals but also between isolates from the same... 

Albright AV, Shieh JT, Itoh T, Lee B, Pleasure D, O Connor MJ, Dorns RW, Gonzalez-Scarano F (1999) Microglia express CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR3, but of these, CCR5 is the principal coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dementia isolates. J Virol 73 205-213. 

Gorry PR, Taylor J, Holm GH, Mehle A, Morgan T, Cayabyab M, Farzan M, Wang H, Bell JE, Kunstman K, Moore JP, Wolinsky SM, Gabuzda D (2002) Increased CCR5 affinity and reduced CCR5/CD4 dependence of a neurovirulent primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate. J Virol 76 6277-6292. 

Examples of sulphated PS with anti-HIV activity also included sulphated a-D(l—>3)-linked mannans from Nothogenia fastigiata [24], from Schizymenia dubyi [25], anti-HIV PS from the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus [26] and from the marine microalga Cochlodinium polykrikoides [27]. Sulphated PS displaying antiviral activities against HIV-1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) were also isolated from marine Pseudomonas and Dinoflagellata [28]. 

Japour, A. J., Mayers, D. L., Johnson, V. A., Kuritzkes, D. R., Beckett, L. A., Arduino, J.-M., et al. (1993) Standardized peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture assay for determination of drug susceptibilities of clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 1095-1101. 

Some RNA aptamers that were isolated in vitro have also been expressed in vivo to study their biological function within the context of a living pro- or eucaryotic cell. Among them is an aptamer which binds to the reverse transcriptase (Rev) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [42,43,70],This anti-HIV-l-Rev aptamer was cloned into an expression cassette based on the U6 snRNA promoter, in which aptamer transcripts are protected against nuclease degradation to some extent. Transient expression in the nucleus of cultured cells led to 107-109 full-length aptamer transcripts per cell. When anti-HIV-l-Rev aptamer-expressing cells were co-transfected with the HIV-1 provirus, viral replication was efficiently inhibited in these cells, as shown by an assay in which the production of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was measured [71],... 

Colonno RJ, Thiry A, Limoli K, et al. Activities of atazanavir (BMS-232632) against a large panel of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clinical isolates resistant to one or more approved protease inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 47 1324-1333. 

Pengsuparp, F. Sirit, M. Hughes, S.H. Soejarto, D.D. Pezutto, J.M. Specific Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Mediated by Soulattrolide, A Coumarin Isolated from The Latex of Calophyllum teysmannii. J. Nat. Prod. 1996, 59, 839-842. 

Ott, D. E., Coren, L. V., Johnson, D. G, Sowder II, R. C., Arthur, L. O. and Henderson, L. E., 1995, Analysis and locahzation of cyclophilin A found in the virions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 MN strain. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11 1003-1006. Popovic, M., Samgadharan, M. G, Read, E. and Gallo, R. C., 1984, Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 224 497-500. 

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