Macrophage primary

Burkholder, J.K., Decker, J. and Yang, N.-S. (1993) Transgene expression in lymphocyte and macrophage primary cultures alter particle bombardment../. Immunol Methods, 165, 149-156. 

Palmer RJ, Butenhoee JL and Stevens JB (1987) Cytotoxicity of the rare earth metals cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium in vitro comparison with cadmium in a pulmonary macrophage primary culture system. Environ Res 43 142-156. 

Zaitseva, M., Blauvelt, A., Lee, S., Lapham, C. K., Klaus-Kovtun, V., Mostowski, H., Manischewitz, J., and Golding, H. (1997). Expression and function of CCR5 and CXCR4 on human langerhans cells and macrophages Implications for HIV primary infection. Nature Medicine 3 1369-1375. 

Collman RG, Yi Y (1999) Cofactors for human immunodeficiency virus entry into primary macrophages. J Infect Dis 179(Suppl 3) S422-S426... 

Williams KC, Corey S, Westmoreland SV, Pauley D, Knight H, deBakker C, Alvarez X, Lackner AA (2001) Perivascular macrophages are the primary ceU type productively infected by simian immunodeficiency virus in the brains of macaques imphcations for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS. J Exp Med 193(8) 905-915... 

Microorganisms that escape phagocytosis in a local lesion may now be transported to the regional lymph nodes via the lymphatic vessels. If massive invasion occurs with which the resident macrophages are unable to cope, microorganisms may be transported through the thoracic duct into the bloodstream. The appearance of viable microorganisms in the bloodstream is termed bacteraemia and is indicative of an invasive infection and failure of the primary defences. 

Inflammation is present in the lungs of all smokers. It is unclear why only 15% to 20% of smokers develop COPD, but susceptible individuals appear to have an exaggerated inflammatory response.5 O The inflammation of COPD differs from that seen in asthma, so the use of anti-inflammatory medications and the response to those medications are different. The inflammation of asthma is mainly mediated through eosinophils and mast cells. In COPD the primary inflammatory cells include neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. 

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