Milk, human, oligosaccharides from

In a study completed during the early development of f.a.b.-m.s., both f.d. and f.a.b. were used to characterize 101 fractions containing neutral oligosaccharides isolated from human milk. Samples were examined as their peracetylated alditols. In subsequent work, the structures of two minor acidic oligosaccharides from human milk were investigated. The per-methylated derivatives were analyzed by f.a.b.-m.s., and their compositions and sequences were defined by the f.a.b. data. Methylation analysis and partial formolysis were the other principal methods used. 

Crane, J. K., Azar, S. S., Stam, A., and Newburg, D. S. (1994). Oligosaccharides from human milk block binding and activity of the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) in T84 intestinal cells. /. Nutr. 124, 2358-2364. 

Newburg, D. S. (1997). Do the binding properties of oligosaccharides in milk protect human infants from gastrointestinal bacteria /. Nutr. 127, 980S-984S. 

Finke, B. Stahl, B. Pfenninger, A. Karas, M. Daniel, H. Sawatzki, G. Analysis of High-Molecular-Weight Oligosaccharides From Human Milk by Liquid Chromatography and MALDI-MS. Anal. Chem. 1999, 77,3755-3762. 

Schmid, D., Behnke, B., Metzger, J., and Kuhn, R., Nano-HPLC-mass spectrometry and MEKC for the analysis of oligosaccharides from human milk, Biomedical Chromatography 16(2), 151-156, 2002. 

Several disaccharides containing one residue of an amino sugar have been synthesized by definitive chemical methods in connection with the study of the oligosaccharides from human milk. Others have only been prepared, as noted, by degradation of natural oligosaccharides. 

Finke B, Stahl B, Pfenninger A, Karas M, Daniel H, Sawatzki G. Analysis of high-molecular-weight oligosaccharides from human milk by liquid chromatography and MALDI-MS. Anal Chem 1999 71 3755-3762. 

HPLC analysis of oligosaccharides from animal tissues or body fluids has been used to determine their molecular weight distribution. The majority of complex oligosaccharide separations has been carried out using chemically bonded amine columns which separate molecules on the basis of chain length, although reversed phase HPLC has been used to separate human milk oligosaccharides (Dua and Bush, 1983). 

Matrix optimization for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of oligosaccharides from human milk. J. Mass Spectrom., 34, 98-104. 

Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectro-metric Analysis of Neutral and Acid Oligosaccharides from Human Milk as Their Trimethylsilyl Derivatives... 

Table 10.32 Structures and relative retention times of neutral oligosaccharides from human milk (see Figure 10.252) (reproduced with permission from Ref. [408]. Copyright 1996, Academic Press).

CD and ORD are also frequently used in studies on carbohydrates. CD can indicate the nature, extent, and position of substitution in carbohydrates. Perhaps the best example of such studies is afforded by studies on oligosaccharides from blood-group substances and human milk. 

Fig. 15. Some oligosaccharides from human milk. Cal, D-galactose Glc, D-glucose GlcNAc, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine Fuc, L-fucose. (From Kuhn et aJ, 1958, and Montreuil, 1960).

The computer program CASPER, which predicts the structures of linear or branched oligosaccharides on the basis of information on conqx>nents, linkages, and n.mj. chemical shifts, has been tested on five reducing hi- to hexa-saccharides or their methyl ycosides. It has also been used in the structural analysis of several oligosaccharides from human milk, containing vicinally branched residues. ... 

Thurl, S., Offermanns, J., Muller-Werner, B., and Sawatzki, G., Determination of neutral oligosaccharide fractions from human milk by gel permeation chromatography, /. Chromatogr., 568, 291, 1991. 

Mechref, Y., Chen, P, and Novotny, M. V., Structural characterization of the N-linked oligosaccharides in bile salt-stimulated lipase originated from human breast milk, Glycobiology, 9, 227, 1999. 

Other complex, neutral oligosaccharides that have been fractionated by l.c. techniques include those found in human milk > and in urine from patients with lysosomal-storage disorders. ... 

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