Salmon coho

L-Ascorbic acid, better known as vitamin C, has the simplest chemical structure of all the vitamins (Figure 18.30). It is widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdoms, and only a few vertebrates—humans and other primates, guinea pigs, fruit-eating bats, certain birds, and some fish (rainbow trout, carp, and Coho salmon, for example)—are unable to synthesize it. In all these organisms, the inability to synthesize ascorbic acid stems from a lack of a liver enzyme, L-gulono-y-lactone oxidase. 

Sandahl, J.F, Baldwin, D.H., and Jenkins, J.J. et al. (2005). Comparative thresholds for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and behavioural impairment in Coho Salmon exposed to chlorpyriphos. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 136-145. 

Collier TK, LC Thomas, DC Malins (1978) Influence of environmental temprature on disposition of dietary naphthalene in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) isolation and identification of individual metabolites. Comp Biochem Physiol 61C 23-28. 

Chapman, G.A. and D.G. Stevens. 1978. Acutely lethal levels of cadmium, copper and zinc to adult male coho salmon and steelhead. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 107 837-840. 

Sugatt, R.H. 1980a. Effects of sublethal sodium dichromate exposure in freshwater on the salinity tolerance and serum osmolality of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, in seawater. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9 41-52. 

Buckley, J.T., M. Roch, J.A. McCarter, C.A. Rendell, and A.T. Mathieson. 1982. Chronic exposure of coho salmon to sublethal concentrations of copper - I. Effect on growth, on accumulation and distribution of copper, and on copper tolerance. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 72C 15-19. 

Schreck, C.B. and H.W. Lorz. 1978. Stress response of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) elicited by cadmium and copper and potential use of cortisol as an indicator of stress. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 35 1124-1129. 

Stevens, D.G. 1977. Survival and immune response of coho salmon exposed to copper. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agen. Rep. 600/3-77-031. 44 pp. 

Lead is toxic to all phyla of aquatic biota, but its toxic action is modified by species and physiological state, and by physical and chemical variables. Wong et al. (1978) stated that only soluble waterborne lead is toxic to aquatic biota, and that free cationic forms are more toxic than complexed forms. The biocidal properties of soluble lead are also modified significantly by water hardness as hardness increases, lead becomes less bioavailable because of precipitation increases (NRCC 1973). In salmonids, for example, the toxicity and fate of lead are influenced by the calcium status of the organism, and this relationship may account for the reduced effects of lead in hard or estuarine waters. In coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), an increase in waterborne or dietary calcium reduced uptake and retention of lead in skin and skeleton (Varanasi and Gmur 1978). 

Reichert, W.L., D.A. Federighi, and D.C. Malins. 1979. Uptake and metabolism of lead and cadmium in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63C 229-234. 

Varanasi, U. and D.J. Gmur. 1978. Influence of water-borne and dietary calcium on uptake and retention of lead by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46 65-75. 

Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 16.7 mg/L LC50 (96 h), alevins 32... 

Buhl, K.J. and S.J. Hamilton. 1991. Relative sensitivity of early life stages of Arctic grayling, coho salmon, and rainbow trout to nine inorganics. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 22 184-197. 

McKague, A.B. and R.B. Pridmore. 1978. Toxicity of altosid and dimilin to juvenile rainbow trout and coho salmon. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20 167-169. 

Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 50 12 weeks None 8... 

Water Muscle of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) 1,500,000... 

Alewite or rainbow smelt Muscle of coho salmon 2.6... 

Modified from Norstrom, R.J., D.J. Hallett, and R.A. Sonstegard. 1978. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and herring gulls (Larus argentatus) as indicators of organochlorine contamination in Lake Ontario. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Canada 35 1401-1409. 

Leatherland, J.F. and R.A. Sonstegard. 1981. Effect of dietary mirex and PCB s on calcium and magnesium metabolism in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch a comparison with Great Lakes coho salmon. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69C 345-351. 

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