Diploid cells

Composition and Methods of Manufacture. Vaccine is produced from the Oka attenuated strain. Vacciae is produced in human diploid cells such as MRC-5. After growth in the cell substrate, the cells themselves are harvested into the growth medium and sonicated to release the cell-associated vims. Sucrose and buffering salts are generally in the medium to help stabiLize the vims. The vacciae is presented in a free2e-dried vial to be reconstituted with sterile distilled water before injection (27). 

Imovax Rabies I.D. Vaccine (human diploid cell), Imovax Rabies Vaccine (human diploid cell), Rab Avert,... 

Hepatitis At Human diploid cells infected with hepatitis A virus 1 Separation of virus from cells 2 Inactivation with HCHO 3 Adsorption toAI(OH)3gel Assay of antigen content by ELISA Inoculation of cell cultures to exclude presence of live virus... 

Poliomyelitis (inactivated)t (Salktype) Human diploid cell cultures infected with each of the three serotypes of poliovirus 1 Clarification 2 Inactivation with formalin 3 Concentration 4 Blending of virus of each serotype Induction of antibodies to polioviruses in chicks or guinea-pigs Inoculation of cell cultures and monkey spinal cords to exclude live virus... 

Rubella (German measles) Human diploid cell cultures infected with attenuated rubella virus 1 Clarification 2 Blending with stabilizer 3 Freeze-drying Infectivity titration In cell cultures Tests to exclude presence of extraneous viruses... 

A more general example fiom virus vaccine produetion is the rigorous examination of tissue cultures to exclude contamination with infectious agents fiom the sonrce animal or, in the cases of human diploid cells or cells fiom eontinuous cell lines, to detect... 

The varicella vaccine is made up of an attenuated Oka strain of varicella zoster virus. This is a live attenuated vaccine. Attenuation was achieved by performing serial passages through human embryonic lung cells, embryonic guinea pig cells, and human diploid cells. 

One property expected of the genetic material is a constancy of amount in every cell of the body under every environmental situation. DNA, not RNA or protein, fulfills this expectation. Its content per nucleus is the same in every cell except the germ cells, which have exactly half that found in the somatic cells. Again, this is expected if progeny obtain half their characteristics from each parent. This constancy is so dependable that the measurement of the DNA concentration in a tissue can be used to calculate die number of nuclei and thus the number of cells. This works well for diploid cells such as those of the kidney, but corrections must be made for polyploid mammalian liver or cancer cells. 

Haploid cells have only a single copy of each chromosome. This occurs normally in the mature germ cell. Diploid cells, in contrast have two copies of each chromosome most normal somatic cells are diploid. The fact that yeast cells are haploid renders genetic analysis much easier because one has taken sex out of the equation - the question remains whether it is as much fun ... 

V. zoster vaccines (chickenpox vaccine) Human diploid cells... 

Marked disturbances in the distribution of ploidy (diploid and tetraploid nuclei) have been observed in the livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a dietary concentration of 100 ppm mirex (equivalent to 5 mg/kg/day) for 13 months (Abraham et al. 1983). Mirex selectively reduced the number of tetraploids with the most significant reduction noted in hepatocellular carcinomas however, nuclei in the areas adjacent to these tumors were also primarily composed of diploids. These data should be interpreted with caution since isolation of nuclei from tumors is difficult and because "of the fantastic variety of forms that tumor nuclei assume" (Smuckler et al. 1976). Similarly, the relevance to humans is not clear since human liver is mainly composed of diploid cells (99%) and contains few tetraploids (Adler et al. 1981). 

Aneuploidy The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol 2N+1). [nih]... 

Monosomy The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH]... 

Trisomy The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. 

Girardi, A. J., F. C. Jensen, and H. Koprowski. 1965. Sv40-Induced tran-formation of human diploid cells Crisis and recovery. J Cell Physiol 65 69-83. 

Hayflick E., Moorhead P. S. (1961). The cerial cultivation of human diploid cell strains, Exp. Cell Res., 25,582-621. 

Kobayashi D, Watanabe N, Yamauchi N, Tsuji N, Sato T, Sasaki H, Okamoto T, Niitsu Y (1997) Protein kinase C inhibitors augment tumor-necrosis-factor-induced apoptosis in normal human diploid cells. Chemotherapy 43 415-423... 

Treat DLDl diploid cells with normal centrosome number for 16 h with 5 pM DCB and release for 96 h. 

Fig. 10. DNA fluorescence flow cytometric profiles of Pl-stained lymphocytes after 12 h incubation with 1 jiM dexamethasone (Zl). Cells were fixed with 0.25% paraformaldehyde and treated with 70% ethanol at 4 C for 1 h to increase the cell membrane permeability. PI (50 fig/mV) was used to stain DNA for 30 min. Results of flow cytometer (FACSCAN, Becton Dickinson, California) were expressed as a histogram. Dexamethasone-treated lymphocytes showed a small peak before the Gq/Gi peak of diploid cells. This characteristic sub-Go peak represents the DNA in apoptotic cells.

Mutagen (dose) Locus Mutation frequency/locus/diploid cell/dose (Gy) (x 10 )... 

Varicella vaccine is a lyophilized preparation of the Oka strain of live attenuated varicella virus obtained by propagation of the virus in MRC human diploid cell culture. 

It contains live attenuated Edmonston-Zagreb strain of measles virus propagated on human diploid cells. 

Yeast cells can exist as haploids of opposite mating types (either a or a). When an a and an a cell are allowed to mate, they form a diploid cell (a/a). To study interactions between two proteins, cDNA sequences of a protein of interest (PT1) are expressed as a fusion protein, linked to a DNA-binding domain (DBD) of a yeast gene-transcript activator in a haploid cell (e.g., a). cDNA sequences corresponding to another test protein (PT2) are linked to the Continued on next page)... 

Figure 16.1. Schematic representation of the yeast two-hybrid system for evaluation of protein-protein interactions. Haploid yeast of a and a cells can mate to form (a/a) diploid cells. (A) If two test proteins, PT1 and PT2—expressed in (a/a) diploid cells as fusion proteins of DNA binding domains (DAB) and activation domains (AD) of yeast gene-transcript activator proteins—bind to each other, the binding interaction allows the diploid cells to grow in histidine selection media. Histidine selection media is permissive for diploid cells that express the HISS reporter gene only if PT1 and PT2 interact. (B) If PT1 and PT2 do not interact, no HISS gene product is expressed and the hybrid cell cannot grow in histidine media.

Rabies vaccine, hnman diploid cell (HDCV) [FDA former]... 

Wistar rabies virns strain PM-1503-3m grown in hnman diploid cell cnltnres [SY]... 

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