Heavy chain genes

Complete sequences for all mouse CH regions including membrane exons have been compiled by Gough and Cory (1986) [142], Structural features of individual mouse as well as some human constant region genes are presented in Figs. 4, 5 and 6 and in Tables 4, 5 and 6. 

gene is the first CH gene to be expressed by developing B cells and consists of four domain-coding exons and two membrane exons [102,143, 114,144,145,109,108] as shown in Table 6 the domains are of similar length. This structure is conserved in mouse and human n as well as in the other species described in Section 3.5.1. of this chapter. 

The structures of the four mouse Cy genes (Cy1 [117], Cyl [148], C-y2b [149,150,151], Cy2a [152,153,154]) are very similar to each other (Fig. 4 and Table 6). Apart from variability in the length of the hinge region exons (between 13 and 

Mouse C,1 IVS1 Qhinge 1VS2 0,3 SAC IVS3 Ss IVS4 SX 

Human 0,1 IVS1 O 1VS2 Q IVS3 C fi2 IVS4 Cfl3 1VS5 Ss  

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De Lozanne, A. Spudich, J.A. (1987). Disruption of the Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain gene by homologous recombination. Science 236, 1086-1091. 

Geisterfer-Lowrance, A.A., Kass, S., Tanigawa, G., Vosberg, H.-P., McKenna, W., Seidman, C.E., Seidman, J.G. (1990). A molecular basis for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy a p-cardiac myosin heavy chain gene missense mutation. Cell 62, 999-1006,... 

Knecht, D.A., Loomis, W.F. (1987). Antisense RNA inactivation of myosin heavy chain gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum. Science 236, 1081-1086. 

Mutations in the Cardiac (i-Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Are One Cause of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy... 

Libermann, T. A., Lenardo, M., and Baltimore, D. (1990). Involvement of a second lymphoid-specific enhancer element in the regulation of immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 3155-3162. 

Zhou, C.-Z., Confalonieri, F., Medina, N., Zivanovic, Y., Esnault, C., Yang, T.,Jacquet, M., Janin.J., Duguet, M., Perasso, R., and Li, Z.-G. (2000). Fine organization of Bombyx mori fibroin heavy chain gene. Nucleic Acids Research 28(12), 2413-2419. 

Cassatella, M. A., Hartman, L., Perussia, B., Trinchieri, G. (1989). Tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon synergistically induce cytochrome b.245 heavy-chain gene expression and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogenase oxidase in human leukemic myeloid cells. J. Clin. Invest. 83,1570-9. 

Newburger, P. E., Ezekowitz, R. A. B., Whitney, C., Wright, J., Orkin, S. (1988). Induction of phagocyte cytochrome b heavy chain gene expression by interferon-y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85,5215-19. 

Homo sapiens recombinant IgGi heavy chain gene, partial cds ... 

Johnson, M.T., Natali, A.M., , H.M., et al. (1984). Polymorphisms of human variable heavy chain gene showing linkage with constant heavy chain genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 7840-7844. 

Walter, M.A., Surti, U., Hofker, M.H., et al. (1990). The physical organization of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain gene complex. EMBO J, 9, 3303-3313. 

Myosins II from other sources have similar structures. For example, analysis of the DNA sequence for a heavy chain gene from the nematode Caenorhabditis showed that the protein contains 1966 residues, 1095 of which contain an amino acid sequence appropriate for a 160-nm long coiled coil.123 There are no prolines within this sequence, which lies between Pro 850 and... 

This approach soon led to the identification of 12 DH segments in the mouse heavy-chain gene complex (Sakano et al., 1981 Kurosawa et al., 1981 Kurosawa and Tonegawa, 1982). As predicted, these segments are flanked on both sides by RSS separated by 12 bp spacers. The DH were classified, by sequence similarity, into three families. One of the families consists of only one member located 700 bp 5 to the JH cluster. The other two families contain nine and two members and are lOto 80 kb from the J cluster (Wood and Tonegawa, 1983). Another DH segment was identified more recently (Feeney and Riblet, 1993). All the DH are located between the VH and JH. 

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