Horses estimation

In rat liver mitochondria, in state 4, the AP was estimated to be about 220 mV, with the membrane potential representing about 90% of this (Nicholls, 1974 Appendix 3). Similar values have been reported for human and rat skeletal muscle mitochondria in state 4 (Stumpf et al., 1982). The control of the rate of electron transport is not only determined by the availability of ADP, but also of Pj oxidizable substrates, and oxygen. There is evidence for futile cycling of protons in intact normal rat hepatocytes (Brand et al., 1993). Recently, Porter and Brand (1993) found a correlation between the proton permeability of the inner membrane of liver mitochondria and body size in animals from the mouse (20 g) to horses (150 kg) with a decrease in permeability with increasing weight of several-fold at a constant... 

Matsumoto et al. developed an immunoassay for the determination of clenbuterol in bovine and equine tissues and in bovine milk. The LOD of clenbuterol in milk, muscle, liver, kidney, small intestine, and adipose tissues was 0.1 qgkg Bovine tissue samples fortified wifh 1 qg kg of clenbuterol had recoveries that varied from 75 to 96%, but recoveries from milk samples were 99%. The authors utilized this method to estimate the clenbuterol withdrawal periods for cattle and horses. Cattle were treated with a bolus dose of either 0.3 or 0.6 qg kg body weight, by intravenous injection, and three animals were slaughtered at days 1, 6, and 9. Tissue clenbuterol levels were detectable only on day 1. Clenbuterol in milk was not detectable after a 2.5-day withdrawal period. Liver contained the highest clenbuterol concentration of the tissues measured, but this group did not measure eye tissues. 

When horses were still the chief mode of transportation in New York City, it is estimated they daily deposited 2,500,000 lb (1,100,000 kg) of manure and 60,000 gallons (200 m3) of urine on the streets.4 Think of what it might be like today if the internal combustion engine had not been invented. 

They recorded a spectrum very similar to that reported by Horse field and Wasserman, find-ingg = 3.21 andgL = 1.83, from which they calculated A to be 2086 cm-1 at 20 K, compared with 526 cm-1 estimated from the room temperature MCD measurements. Thus, in this work, the distortion parameter was thought to decrease with increasing temperature, in direct contradiction of the trend postulated by Sohn, Hendrickson, and Gray 99). 

Their specimen of cholinesterase was prepared from horse serum by the method of Stedman and Stedman,1 and the method of estimation was that of Ammon.2 The enzyme solution was placed in the right-hand flask of a Barcrofb manometer, in a total volume of 3 ml. of 0-2 per cent NaHC03 solution the gas phase was 5 per cent C02 in Na. The reaction, carried out at 20°, was started by adding a solution containing 2 mg. of acetylcholine chloride. The C02 output was usually linear until about 100 fi. had been produced. 

Fig. 13. Effect of substrate concentration on inhibition of horse-serum cholinesterase.1 Enzyme activity was estimated by titration with 0-01 n NaOH at pH 7-4 and 20°. — , control, no inhibitor x — x, 2x 10 7 m eserine 0—O, 5 x 10 8 m di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate.

Machelboeuf, D., Poncet, C., Jestin, M. and Martin-Rosset, W. (1996) Use of a mobile nylon bag technique with caecum fistu-lated horses as an alternative method for estimating precaecal and total tract nitrogen digestibility. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production, Lillehammer, Norway, p. 269. 

In 1986, the animal drug market was estimated to be worth over 9000 million, with feed additives and therapeutics each contributing 45% of the total (6). The United States shared 28% of the market, and Western Europe 24.5%. A breakdown by animal usage showed that cattle formed 32%, with poultry making up 24%, swine 21%, sheep 10% and horses 4%. 

After a single oral administration of 0.4 mg radiolabeled moxidectin/kg bw to horses, a mean peak serum concentration of 0.134 ppm moxidectin equivalents was attained at 6 h postdose (63). Oral availability was estimated at 40%, while the terminal elimination half-life was approximately 80 h. Within 168 h, 77% of the total radioactivity was excreted mostly by Ure fecal route. In feces, the parent drug represented approximately 70% of the fecal radioactivity, whereas a fraction of 0.28-3.45% was due to four minor metabolites resulting from oxidation mainly on Ci4, C24, and/or C28 positions. 

Preparaiim of the Bom Ash,—The hones usually employed in this manufacture arc those of oxen, of sheep, or of horses, The bones of sheep are preferred, as the ash which they yield is less compact, and more easily attacked by an acid. They contain, besides sabphosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, and a small per cottage of other salts, as phosphate of magnesia, chloride of sodium, fluoride of calcium, et cetera also a large proportion of animoi matter, estimated at from thirty-three to fifty per cent., according to the kind of bone, and the age of the animal. The following analysis of the bones of the ox is by Berzelius —... 

Torriero et al. [30] managed to estimate the concentration of lactate in untreated milk without the use of a microdialysis unit. Samples were fed into a reactor consisting of a rotating disc bearing lactate oxidase which by its motion ensured adequate mass transport of hydrogen peroxide to an enzyme electrode. The electrode consisted of horse-radish peroxidase immobilised over osmium on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. Such an electrode can be poised at 0.0 Y so avoiding electrochemical... 

Estimates of maximum food consumption during July in horse-mackerel and during February in whiting. 

Having tested this method, many workers will still want to asses annual production from positive values only. If such is the case, Table 12 can be used to determine coefficients of conversion for annual production estimates for all components or for positive values only. Estimates are highest for anchovy, somewhat less in red mullet, horse-mackerel, pickerel and sprat, while there is no difference in whiting. This is the ranking of the species studied for differences between somatic and generative production. It has... 

As Belokopytin (1968, 1978) reported, the percentage of basal metabolism ( b) estimated from standard (Qn) was 40% in highly mobile horse-mackerel and anchovy, 75% in moderately mobile red mullet and about 100% in the sluggish scorpion fish. Sometimes basal metabolism is named supporting metabolism, which is incorrect and leads to misunderstanding. Metabolism and diet support the balanced equilibrium, P = 0. 

The daily intake estimated in whole populations of fish conforms with the information above on the daily intake per unit weight of a population. It has been found to change from 2-5% to 9-22% in anchovy in winter and summer, respectively, from 1-2% to 5-12% in horse-mackerel, from 0.4% to 2-4.5% in pickerel and from zero to 4-5% in red mullet. In sprat and whiting, the daily intake is relatively stable, 2.8-7.5% and 0.5-1.3%, respectively. 

Table 19 demonstrates the results of the calculation, using data from Table 11. It can be seen that, depending on the species, from 2% to 24% of the dry food substance is assimilated for the total protein production and 0.7% to 8.0% for the total lipid production. Assuming that protein and lipid are adequately used for the somatic and generative productions, one can make relevant estimates (Table 19). The resulting data of K2 of P of protein and lipid are of especial interest. They indicate the efficient assimilation of nutrients to provide somatic production and accumulation of lipid. The following ratios between food assimilated for protein and lipid production have been obtained for Black Sea fish 2.6 1 in anchovy, 2 1 in sprat, 2.1 1 in horse-mackerel and red mullet, 2.7 1 in pickerel, and 4 1 in whiting.

Nutrient requirements in North America are based on the recommendations of the National Research Council - National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. The recommendations cover pigs, poultry, dairy cattle, horses, laboratory animals, etc. and are published as a series of books. The recommendations for each species are updated about every 10 years, the current Nutrient Requirements of Poultry being the 1994, 9th revised edition. A specially appointed committee of experts meets to review published research findings and to derive estimates of requirement. These are then published as recommendations. The information is used widely by the feed industry in North America and in many other regions. 

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