Pituitary human

Control (inhibition) of prolactin release Tuberoinfundibular tract from A12 in the arcuate nucleus of the median eminence to pituitary Humans Hypoprolactaemia Humans Hyperprolactaemia Galactorrhoea Amenorrhoea D2 ... 

Zwickl CM, Cocke KS, Tamura RN, Holzhausen LM, Brophy GT, Bick PH, Wierda D. Comparison of the immunogenicity of recombinant and pituitary human growth hormone in rhesus monkeys. Fund Appl Toxicol 1991 16 275-87. 

Jorgensen K D, Monrad J D, Brondum L, et al. (1988). Pharmacokinetics of biosynthetic and pituitary human growth hormones in rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 63 129-134. 

Anterior pituitary hormones, Anterior pituitary-like hormones. Posterior pituitary hormones. Human growth hormone. 

Chorionic Somatomammotropin. Three genes encode human chorionic somatomammotropin [11085-36-2] (hCS). These are located within a cluster of genes on human chromosome 17 which code for pituitary growth hormone [12629-01 -5] (GH-N), placental GH [109675-94-7J (GH-V), and three hCS molecules, ie, hCS-A, hCS-B, and hCS-V (1 3), also referred to as human placental lactogens. All of these molecules ate closely related to GH in stmcture (Fig. 1). Placental lactogens also exist in rodents and mminants however, these hormones are more closely related to prolactin than GH. 

Fig. 1. Primary stmcmre of the human growth hormone family of proteins. GH-N = pituitary GH GH-V = placental GH variant ...

The principal hormones of the human posterior pituitary include the two nonapeptides, oxytocin [50-56-6] and arginine vasopressin [11000-17-2] (antidiuretic hormone, ADH). Many other hormones, including opioid peptides (see Opioids, endogenous), cholecystokinin [9011-97-6] (CCK) (see Hormones, BRAIN oligopeptides), and gastrointestinal peptides, also have been located in mammalian neurohypophysis (6), but are usually found in much lower concentrations (7). Studies have demonstrated that oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in other human organs, both centrally and peripherally, and there is considerable evidence for their role as neurotransmitters (see Neuroregulators) (8). 

In humans, the hypothalamic-derived protein and the hormone noncovalent complexes are packaged in neurosecretory granules, then migrate along axons at a rate of 1 4 mm/h until they reach the posterior pituitary where they are stored prior to release into the bloodstream by exocytosis (67). Considerable evidence suggests that posterior pituitary hormones function as neurotransmitters (68) vasopressin acts on the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone [9002-60-2] (ACTH) (69) as well as on traditional target tissues such as kidneys. Both hormones promote other important central nervous system (CNS) effects (9,70). 

Human growth hormone, used as a human pharmaceutical, is approved for only one indication in the United States, treatment of growth failure owing to hGH deficiency, a condition known as pituitary dwarfism. However, clinical trials are under way to test its efficacy in Turner s syndrome, bums, wound healing, cachexia, osteoporosis, constitutional growth delay, aging, malnutrition, and obesity. 

Human growth hormone was originally manufactured by isolation of the natural product from human pituitaries and subsequent purification of the protein. Since 1985, manufacture of hGH has been almost exclusively by recombinant DNA technology. 

Natural Product hGH. In 1944 the preparation of a highly purified growth hormone from bovine pituitary glands was reported (37). Subsequendy, growth hormones derived from animal pituitaries were found to be ineffective in humans the existence of specificity among species for growth hormone was thus estabUshed. 

Pituitary Growth Factor (from human pituitary giand) [336096-71-0]. Purified by heparin and copper affinity chromatography, followed by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose (Whatman 52). [Rowe et al. Biochemistry 25 6421 1986.]... 

It has been found that the growth hormone can be obtained in crystalline form from human pituitary glands by procedures comprising (1) extraction of the fresh glands with acetone, (2) extraction of the acetone residue with aqueous salt solutions, (3) precipitation from aqueous salt solutions by the addition of suitable miscible organic solvents of alkaline and acid pH, and finally crystallization from aqueous salt solutions by the addition of suitable miscible organic solvents. 

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