Trait marker

Coryell W (1997) Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease-specific trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 41 259-263... 

Coplan JD, Trost R, Owens MJ (1998b) Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of somatostatin and biogenic amines in grown primates reared by mothers exposed to manipulated foraging conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 473-477 Coryell W (1997) Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease-specific trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 41 259-263... 

Ventilatory abnormalities have been identified in first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder (Perna et ah, 1995 Coryell, 1997), as well as in patients with possible precursors for panic disorders, such as separation anxiety disorder (Pine et ah, 2000) or isolated panic attacks (Perna et ah, 1995). Additionally, studies have found family loading for panic disorder in the relatives of panic patients with respiratory abnormalities (Perna et al., 1996), suggesting that hypersensitivity to CO2 inhalation may be a trait marker for panic disorder rather than a state marker. These data suggest that parents with panic disorder may transmit a diathesis for certain forms of anxiety (e.g., separation anxiety disorder) that is observable in the respiratory... 

Lewy AJ, Numberger JI, Wehr TA Supersensitivity to light possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 142 725-727, 1985 Lewy AJ, Hughes RJ, Bauer VK, et al Melatonin modulation of brain and behavior clinical aspects, in Hormonal Modulation of Brain and Behavior. Edited by Halbreich U. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press (in press ... 

The view that these latter alterations are real trait markers rather than scars was first suggested by studies showing that cholinergic stimulation during sleep with arecoline provoked, compared to healthy subjects, faster induction of REM sleep in remitted depressives [43] and in euthymic relatives of probands with an affective illness [44], In addition, some studies demonstrated an increased risk of affective disorders in relatives of depressed patients with shortened REM latencies, compared... 

To summarize, there is now some consistent evidence that diminished SWS and/or a REM sleep disinhibition profile are important correlates of depressive vulnerability and, as such, could be considered as trait markers of affective disorders. In this regard, and although the aforementioned studies need to be replicated, one may already suggest that the cholinergic REM induction test could be considered as an evidence of a cholinergic supersensitivity as a trait or vulnerability marker of affective illness. 

There is considerable controversy regarding the possible genetic basis of the epilepsies. It has been calculated that there are at least 100 different trait markers that may predispose some individuals to the disease, and it has been shown that identical seizure disorders may be present in patients who... 

Bortolasci, C.C., Vargas, H.O., Souza-Nogueira, A. et al. Lowered plasma paraoxonase (PON)l activity is a trait marker of major depression and PONl Q192R gene poly-morphism-smoking interactions differentially predict the odds of major depression and bipolar disorder. 2014 159 23-30. 

SI3A and S03A show trait marker (asynchrony of ET) and no state marker (prolonged linEN). 

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