History of research

Weiner, J. (1999). European Pre- and Protohistoric tar and pitch a contribution to the history of research 1720-1999. Acta Archaeometrica 1 1-109. 

Henderson, Yandell. "History of Research at Yale University", Historical Report No. H-150, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal Technical Library. 

This topic has a long history of research (Harrison and Aiyer, 1920 Sturgis, 1936 Pearsall and Mortimer, 1939 Shioiri, 1943 De Gee, 1950 Takai, 1952 Ponnamperuma, 1955 Baas-Becking et al., 1960 Jeffrey, 1961 Patrick, 1966 Ponnamperuma, 1972 Yu, 1985 Kyuma, 2003). The following factors result in conditions differing from those in simple aquatic systems ... 

Given these uncertainties, the approach taken here is to review the asymptotic behavior of well-characterized and studied systems, where enough scientific evidence exists to reach a reasonable consensus. Perhaps then it becomes easier to discuss the possible processes governing more complex and less well-characterized systems (and to propose a new set of testable hypotheses about them). To that end. we begin by examining the case of platinum and other noble metals on zirconia. which perhaps enjoys the longest and richest history of research available today. 

Beyond studies examining the proximal effect of social separation on panic, there is a long history of research on the developmental association between social separation and panic disorder. As discussed by our group elsewhere... 

M. Cutler et al, Preliminary Survey on Incendiary Pellet Warheads for Guided Missiles, Guided Missile Rept No 7 (Dec 1948), Tech Command, Army Chem Center, Md 14a) L. Finkelstein A.E. Gaul, Incendiaries, Vol 18, History of Research Development of Chemical Warfare Service in World War 11, The Chemical Corps Association, Washington, DC, Reinhold,... 

Daisite. A French Thermite mixt composed of Fe304 58, Al 18 sulfur 24%, used during WWII. Sulfur served as a binder and as a fuel Ref A.E.Gaul L.Finkelstein, "History of Research and Development of The Chemical Warfare Service in World War II (1 July 1940 -31 Dec 1945) , Vol 18, Part 2 Incendiaries, Chemical Corps, US Army Chemical Center, Md (1952), p 95... 

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the major themes in the history of research on organic nonlinear optical materials.

In 1927, Muller had discovered that irradiation with X-rays caused mutations to appear in Drosophila at a higher rate than they did spontaneously and so X-rays became a tool for advancing the genetic studies of this organism (Muller, 1927). L.J. Stadler independently discovered the same phenomenon in barley, but published a year later (Stadler, 1928). These observations also provided the link between the inter-twined histories of research into DNA repair and cancer. To quote Muller ... 

Despite long history of research related to hydrogenation of fullerenes by gas phase reaction, this field still presents a lot of challenges and some broad directions for further research. It is convenient to divide the field on three separate subfields in relation to hydrogenation degree of fullerenes. 

Scientific research today sometimes produces strange bedfellows, teams of scholars from fields that might seem very far apart and distinct from each other. Research on biomaterials is one area with many such examples. Someone interested in developing an artificial heart, a blood substitute, or a new material that can be used for bone must know a little something about many topics from biology, chemistry, and physics. Even better, such research can be carried out most efficiently when scholars from each of these fields is involved in a research program. One of the best examples of that point is found in the history of research on artificial skin, in which loannis V. Yannas made an important breakthrough. 

A theme running through the long history of research on casein... 

Many clinical studies have now confirmed the existence of persistent cognitive deficits and dementia in association with neuroleptic use. However, to some extent, researchers have lost their enthusiasm for demonstrating over and over again that neuroleptics cause cognitive deficits, and textbooks of psychiatry simply do not want to mention it (e.g., Hales et al., 2003). This is reminiscent of the history of research into the brain-damaging effects of shock treatment (chapter 9). When repeated... 

The surfactant association structures have a long history of research ranging from the McBaln introduction of the aqueous micellar concept(1.) over the interpretation of mlcelllzatlon as a critical phenomenon — — to the analysis of the structure of lyotropic liquid crystals(A) and the comprehensive picture of the phase relations in water/surfactant/amphlphile systems.These studies have emphasized the relation between the association structures in isotropic liquid solutions and the liquid crystalline phases. Parallel extensive investigations in crystalline/ liquid crystalline lipid structureshave provided important insight in the mechanisms of the associations. 

Barnett, J.A., Entian, K.D. (2005) A history of research on yeasts 9 regulation of sugar metabolism. Yeast, 22, 835-894. 

The attention of the reader is drawn to several books and reviews on protein hydration, in addition to the reviews by Kuntz and Kauzmann (1974) and by Edsall and McKenzie (1983). Recent volumes of Methods in Enzymology (Hirs and Timasheff, 1985 Packer, 1986) describe measurements on the hydration of protein and membrane systems. Saenger (1987) has reviewed aspects of macromolecule hydration. Edsall (1980) has given a brief history of research on water. Several summaries of current research in biophysics describe work related to the hydration of macromolecules (dementi and Chin, 1986 Ehrenberg et al., 1987 Moras et al., 1987 Welch, 1986). For comprehensive treatments of the properties of water and aqueous solutions, see the multivolume treatise by Franks (e.g., Franks, 1979), the review by Edsall and McKenzie (1978), and the volume by Eisenberg and Kauzmann (1969). 

D.C. Mowery and B. Sampat, Patenting and Licensing of University Inventions Lessons from the History of Research Corporation, paper presented at the conference on R D and Economic Growth in the 20th Century, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, March 27, 1999. 

The hydrogen-terminated diamond surface also exhibits a p-type conduction. The surface structure, electronic properties, etc. have been extensively studied. This subject has a long history of research, and the readers can refer to Ref. [137] on this topic. Simply summarizing the results obtained so far, the thickness of the Surface conducting layer is 30-100 A, and the hole density at room temperature is approximately 10 /cm. ... 

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