Historic ships

Recovery. The most famous of these historic ships is the Wasa, flagship of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (2). The Wasa sank in Stockholm in 1628. Upon her rediscovery and recovery over 300 years later, she became... 

The United States has seen no major recoveries of historic ships. The 47-foot-long Browns Ferry Vessel, an 18th-century coasting vessel recovered from South Carolina waters, is currently undergoing conservation by immersion in polyethylene glycol (PEG) (8). The USS Monitor, the Civil War Ironclad, has its own National Marine Sanctuary off the Atlantic Coast. The Monitor has become the focus of international attention both for her role in the American Civil War and for the conservation problems presented by her construction of both iron and wooden components. 

Typical events that are considered are fire, explosion, ship collision, and the failure of pressurized storage vessels for which historical data established the failure frequencies. Assessment of consequences was based partly on conservative treatment of past experience. For example ilic assessment of the number of casualties from the release of a toxic material was based on past histoiy conditioned by knowledge of the toxicology and the prevailing weather conditions. An altemati. e used fault trees to estimate probabilities and identify the consequences. Credit is taken in this process for preventative measures in design, operation, and maintenance procedures. Historical data provide reliability expected from plant components and humans. 

World production of Bra in 1990 was about 438 000 tonnes pa, i.e. about one-hundredth of the scale of the chlorine industry. The main producing countries are (tonnes) USA 177000, Israel 135 000, Russia 60000, UK 28 000, France 18 000 and Japan 15 000. The production capacity of Israel has recently increased almost threefold because of expanded facilities on the Dead Sea. Historically, bromine was shipped in individual 3-kg (net) bottles to minimize damage due to breakage, but during the 1960s bulk transport in monel metal drums (100-kg capacity) or lead-lined tanks (24 or 48 tonnes) was developed and these are now used for transport by road, rail and ship. The price of Bra in tank-car lots was 975/kg in 1990. 

Wood is one of the oldest constructional materials. Historically it was important in world exploration and trade, and the defence of that trade, in the provision of merchant ships and navies. It was also important in the early days of railway engineering and in building construction. Although in many applications wood has been replaced by other materials, this renewable resource now supports the growing industries of manufactured wood products. Prominent amongst these are the panel materials chipboard, flake-board, strandboard, plywood and blockboard, hardboard and softboard, wood-cement products and the products of the very large pulp and paper industries. 

These coatings provide the most effective fire-resistant system available but originally were deficient in paint color properties. Since, historically, the intumescence producing chemicals were quite water-soluble, coatings based thereon did not meet the shipping can stability, ease of application, environmental resistance, or aesthetic appeal required of a good protective coating. 

Upgrading and refinery capacity While essentially all of the mined bitumen is upgraded in Alberta, the majority of in-situ production is shipped as bitumen blend with a light diluent to refineries in the United States that are suitably equipped to handle such feedstock. This historical split needs to be overcome in the future and further upgrading capacities will have to be installed in Canada, especially to reduce the need for diluents. In addition, the proposed extension of synthetic-crude-oil supply will require new refinery capacities, either in Canada or the United States. 

Consideration of the thermohaline structure of the Black Sea provides new results on the statistical and physical analysis of the historical data of ship-borne observations of the vertical profiles of the temperature and salinity of the waters. The general features of the vertical thermohaline structure of the Black Sea waters, the seasonal and interannual variabilities of the horizontal structure of the temperature and salinity in all the main water layers are described. The relations of the large-scale features of the hydrology of the Black Sea waters to external forcing (heat and moisture fluxes across the water surface, river mouths and straits, fluxes of the momentum and relative vorticity of wind) are shown. The generalization of the results of the studies of the T,S-structure of the Black Sea waters and of its seasonal and interannual variability allows the following conclusions to be made. 

Historically, asphalt has been mined for use as mortar for building and paving stones, as a water-proof road surface and lining for ditches and ponds, and as calking for ships. Both asphalt and tar have been used to seal or calk boat hulls, shingles, and fabric. In medicine, they have been used to seal wounds and as a disinfectant. Tar is used to flavor candy and as an ingredient in dandruff shampoo and cosmetics. 

Nuclear technology continues to be developed for military applications including nuclear explosives, submarines, and ships. Brief attention is given herein to explosives, primarily in terms of their historical role as a potential means for excavating harbors and canals and in the enhancement of gas and petroleum deposits. 

Ships Marine living resources Designated historic sites and... 

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