Marine ships

Freshwater media based on the OECD 203 ecotoxicity testing medium for fish and daphnia have been used in all T/DP testing of metals, metal compounds and alloys in the pH range 6-8.5 to date. However, the composition of a marine medium is also given in the T/DP section of the GHS, and by implication, a method for marine T/D testing is open for development and validation. While not currently required for REACH dossiers, T/D data in marine media and attendant classification proposals may be required in the future for marine shipping. 

Martynenko VT, Tsymbal NN (2006) Geography of Marine Shipping. Feniks, Odessa, p 243 (in Russian)... 

When the transportation of natural gas in a pipeline Is not feasible for economic or other reasons, it is first liquefied at about 160°C, and then transported in specially insulated tanks placed in marine ships. Consider a 4-ni-diame(er spher ical tank that is filled with liquefied natural gas (LNG) at - 160 C. The lank is exposed to ambient air at 24°C with a heat transfer coefficient of 22 W/m °C. The tank is thin shelled and its temperature can be taken to be the same as the J.NG temperature. The tank is insulated with 5-cm-lhick super insulation that has an effective thermal conductivity of 0.00008 W/in °C. Taking the density and the specific heat of LNG to be 425 kg/m and 3.475 kJ/kg C, respectively, estimate how long it will take for the LN G temperature to rise to -ISO C. 

This has resulted in a considerable amount of oil spillage at sea. A similar accidental history is being recorded at present. Approximately 5x10 tons of oil enter the Arabian Sea each year from marine shipping, while the Bay of Bengal receives some 4 X 10 tons from similar sources. 

These fuels are made from distillate residues of crude oil refining. They are mainly used in large diesel engines for the propulsion of high-tonnage marine ships. Other uses... 

Society of Naval Architects andMarine Engineers (SNAME) http //www.sname.org/ (accessed June 22, 2010). Started in 1893, the society works to advance the art, science, and practice of naval architecture, shipbuilding, and marine engineering. It sponsors applied research, offers career guidance, disseminates information, and supports educational programs. SNAME is interested in all types of marine ships from yachts to submersibles. 

Human Error in Marine Shipping Facts, Figures, and Examples... 

Some of the facts, figures, and examples concerning human error in marine shipping are as follows ... 

AMSA. 2009. Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report. Arctic Council. 

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