Large-scale features

Dye structures of passive tracers placed in time-periodic chaotic flows evolve in an iterative fashion an entire structure is mapped into a new structure with persistent large-scale features, but finer and finer scale features are revealed at each period of the flow. After a few periods, strategically placed blobs of passive tracer reveal patterns that serve as templates for subsequent stretching and folding. Repeated action by the flow generates a lamellar structure consisting of stretched and folded striations, with thicknesses s(r), characterized by a probability density function, f(s,t), whose... 

In this chapter, we present the principal large-scale features of the thermohaline structure of the Black Sea waters and their seasonal and interannual variabilities. To a great degree, they define the condition and functioning of other components of the Black Sea ecosystem, in particular the general circulation and chemical properties of the waters and marine flora and fauna. 

Consideration of the thermohaline structure of the Black Sea provides new results on the statistical and physical analysis of the historical data of ship-borne observations of the vertical profiles of the temperature and salinity of the waters. The general features of the vertical thermohaline structure of the Black Sea waters, the seasonal and interannual variabilities of the horizontal structure of the temperature and salinity in all the main water layers are described. The relations of the large-scale features of the hydrology of the Black Sea waters to external forcing (heat and moisture fluxes across the water surface, river mouths and straits, fluxes of the momentum and relative vorticity of wind) are shown. The generalization of the results of the studies of the T,S-structure of the Black Sea waters and of its seasonal and interannual variability allows the following conclusions to be made. 

A simple 3D representation of the large scale features of a protein is obtained from the ribbon model of Richardson if one considers only the central line of the ribbon. This line is a space curve, usually oriented, from the N-terminal toward the C-terminal of the protein chain. The ribbon model shows the internal turns within a helical segment, consequently, the central line of the ribbon, as a space curve, also shows these details. 

In this section we shall describe two approaches to the shape characterization of the large-scale features of chain molecules one based on a graph-theoretical method, the other on a family of knot theoretical polynomials [112,197,198]. 

The chosen primary representation of the large-scale features of the chain molecule is a smooth space curve, describing, for example, the central line of rods representing the helical domains of proteins and their interconnecting random coil segments. We may think of this space curve. 

From Eq. (43), asymptotically (i.e., for U vo) one has Vf U/la(U), which corresponds to (40) for a = 1. Expressions such as Eq. (40) have been proposed for flows with many scales (e.g., turbulent flows), and different values of a have been reported 141 —441. The fact that also the simple one-scale vortical flow investigated here displays such a behavior may be incidental. However, we believe that it can be due to physical reasons. Indeed, the large-scale features of the flow—for example, the absence of open channels (like for the shear flow)— can be more important than the detailed multiscale properties of the flow [37]. 

Various photoemission techniques are a powerful tool for the investigation of especially large-scale features of the occupied electronic states. Numerous photoemission data are available mainly on the uranium intermetallics. These were obtained by all possible kinds of excitations such as X-ray photoemission (XPS), ultraviolet high-resolution photoemission (UPS), or synchrotron-radiation-excited photoemission with the possibility of tuning the energy of the incident radiation. The Bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy (BIS) is a probe of the empty electronic states above EF. 

Large-scale-features of the human gene landscapes... 

Consequently, instead of a chapter organization based primarily on genetic sequence (see Hofmanner, 1973 Chromy, 1974 Butt and Timashev, 1974 Ono, 1981, 1995 Chromy, 1982 and Gartner, 1985), the observations and interpretations in this chapter are listed first with some of the relatively large-scale features of clinkers and then, for the most part, according to phase abundance. Rather than in a lengthy narrative survey of interpretive details of clinker phases, stated by various authors in many published papers, the information is presented in tabular form. Table 7-1 presents, in a double column, a list of (a) clearly recorded observations on the left and (b) verbatim published interpretations, associations, or correlations on the right. This survey is not a critical review. 

Here, we outline universal large-scale features that apply for ideal (freely jointed or wormlike) polymer chains irrespective of the mechanism of their flexibility, provided the number of... 

Burkov, V.V., Bulatov, R.N., and Neyman, V.G. (1973) Large-scale features of water circulation in the World Ocean. Okeanologiya 13(3), 395—403 (in Russian with English abstract). 

The shape analysis of macromolecules often focuses on the large-scale features. For proteins, these large-scale features... 

Alternative shape analysis methods are based on knot theory, suitable to characterize both local chirality and the large-scale features of chain molecules. ... 

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