Hippocampal neuronal ischemia

Sunderland T, Tariot PN, Newhouse PA. (1988). Differential responsivity of mood, behavior, and cognition to cholinergic agents in elderly neuropsychiatric populations. Brain Res. 472 4y. 371-89. Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Flarada K, Kashimoto T, Miyate Y, Kakizaki A, Takahashi E. (1999). Effects of ginseng saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. EurJ Pharmacol 369(1) 23-32. Tagami M, Ikeda K, Yamagata K, Nara Y, Fujino FI, Kubota A, Numano F, Yamori Y. (1999). Vitamin E prevents apoptosis in hippocampal neurons caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Lab Invest. 79(5) 609-15. 

Kitagawa, K., Matsumoto, M., Tsujimoto, Y, Ohtsuki, T., Kuwabara, K., Matsushita, K., Yang, G., Tanabe, H., Martinou, J. C., Hori, M., and Yanagihara, T., Amelioration of hippocampal neuronal damage after global ischemia by neuronal overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice. Stroke 29, 2616-2621 (1998). 

An early in vivo study in the model of global forebrain ischemia in the gerbil showed that a selective agonist of A3AR, IB-MECA, acutely administered 15 min prior to ischemia, impaired post-ischemic blood flow, increased mortality and exacerbated the loss of hippocampal neurons (von Lubitz et al. 1994). IB-MECA administration 20 min prior to transient middle cerebral ischemia also resulted in a significant increase in infarct size(von Lubitz et al. 2001). 

Lee K.S., Frank S., Vanderkhsh P., Arai A., and Lynch G. 1991 Inhibition of proteolysis protects hippocampal neurons from ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88, 7233-7237. 

Ten years ago, it was observed in a model of 5-min global ischemia in gerbils that the expected severe hippocampal neuronal loss could be markedly attenuated by prolonging the period of halothane anesthesia, which blunted the mild postischemic hyperthermia (approx 1,5°C) that would otherwise occur (55). This effect was not specific to halothane but rather could be duplicated by warming the head by a similar amount in its absence. This study established the marked sensitivity of the postischemic brain to even mild hyperthermia. 

Similarly, following 10 min of forebrain ischemia, mild hypothermia applied for 3 h attenuated apoptotic death in hippocampal neurons 72 h postinsult (119). The neuroprotection appeared to be correlated with increased expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein. 

Furukawa K, Mattson MP (1998) The transcription factor NF-kappaB mediates increases in calcium currents and decreases in NMDA- and AMPA/kainate-induced currents induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 70 1876-1886 Gabriel C, Justida C, Gamins A, Planas AM (1999) Activation of nucletir factor-kappaB in the rat brain after transient focal ischemia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 65 61-69 Gary DS, Sooy K, Chan SL, Christakos S, Mattson MP (2000) Concentration- tmd cell type-specific effects of calbindin D28k on vulnerability of hippocamptil neurons to seizure-induced injury. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 75 89-95... 

Recent studies have shown that EGCG has a neuroprotective effect against hippocampal neuronal damage following global ischemia in the gerbils. Tea catechins protected the cultured newborn-mouse cerebral nerve cells from death induced... 

Nakata, N., Kato, H., and Kogure, K., Protective effects of basic fibroblast growth factor against hippocampal neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia in the gerbil, Brain Res., 605, 354, 1993. 

Beyond the initial damage to membranes, reaction of these radicals with double bonds of fatty acids in lipids produces peroxides that give rise to a,15-unsaturated aldehydes including malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and acrolein. These aldehydes covalently bind to proteins through reaction with thiol groups and alter their function. We have previously shown that CAi hippocampal neurons were HNE positive by immunohistochemistry after transient cerebral ischemia (Adibhatla and Hatcher, 2006). Recently, elevated levels of an acrolein-protein conjugate were demonstrated in plasma of stroke patients (Adibhatla and Hatcher, 2007, and references cited therein). 

Banks, W.A., Uchida, D., Arimura, A., Somogyvari-Vigh, A., and Shioda, S., Transport of pimitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide across the blood-brain barrier and the prevention of ischemia-induced death of hippocampal neurons, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 805, 270,1996. 

CAl hippocampal neurons are preferentially susceptible to hypoxia and ischemia. In CAl, CA3, and dentate gyrus neurons dissected from fresh rat hippocampal slices, CN specifically enhanced release of acid metabolic products from CAl cells but had little effect on the other cells. " By contrast, kainate, which has CA3-specific effects, increased acid metabolite release only in CA3 neurons. " Actions of CN appear to be metabolic in nature and not aU neuronal cell types are equally affected. 

Liu CL, Siesjo BK, Hu BR (2004) Pathogenesis of hippocampal neuronal death after hypoxia-ischemia changes during brain development. Neuroscience 127 113-123 Lodi R, Tonon C, Calabrese V, Schapira AH (2006) Friedreich s ataxia from disease mechanisms to therapeutic interventions. Antioxid Redox Signal 8 438-443... 

Won, M.H., K.H. Lee, Y.H. Kim, et al., 1998. Postischemic hypothermia induced by eugenol protects hippocampal neurons form global ischemia in gsrbiis. Neurosci. Lett., 254 101-104. 

EGCG can also reduce hippocampal neuronal injury induced by transient global ischemia [98]. Neuroprotective effects of flavonoids have also been observed in animal models of Huntington s disease, where the flavonol fisetin has been reported to be effective in reducing pathophysiology through its actions on the extracellular... 

Hong JS, Chu YK et al (2012) Effects of Berberine on hippocampal neuronal damage and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 activity following transient global cerebral ischemia J Neurosci Res 90 489 97... 

Li DQ, Li Y, Liu Y, Bao YM, Hu B, An LJ (2(X)5) Catalpol prevents the loss of CAl hippocampal neurons and reduces working errors in gerbils after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Toxicon 46 845-851... 

Tagami, M., Ikeda, K., Nara, Y. et al. (1997a). Insuhn-hke growth factor-1 attenuates apoptosis in hippocampal neurons caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfiision in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Laboratory Investigation, 76, 613-617. 

Inhibits cerebral ischemia—induced hippocampal neuronal death... 

Lee S, Sub S, Kim S. Protective effects of the green tea polyphenol (-) epi-gallocatechin gallate against hippocampal neuronal damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 2000 287 191-194. 

A study carried out on rat blood cells showed that ingestion of an aqueous extract of U. sinensis caused a dose dependent decrease in susceptibility of RBC to lysis. Phenolic antioxidants including procyanidin B-1, catechin, epi-catechin, and caffeic acid were evaluated for their antioxidant activity. These results showed that they exhibit a strong and dose-dependent protection of the cell membrane [86]. Another study was conducted to evaluate the neuropro-tective effects of methanol extracts of U. rhynchophylla in rats upon transient global ischemia [78]. The study revealed that the extract significantly reduced the death of CAl hippocampal neurons by 72% at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight [87]. 

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