High-performance liquid chromatography metals analysis

Sample preparation for analysis by hyphenated methods requires some additional planning when compared to nonhyphenated methods. All steps, extraction, concentration, and final solvent selection must take into consideration and be compatible with all the components of the hyphenated instrumentation. For gas chromatographic methods, all the components in the mixture must be in the gaseous state. For liquid chromatography (LC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the samples of the analytes of interest can be solids or liquids, neutral or charged molecules, or ions, but they must be in solution. If the follow-on analysis is by MS, then each of the analytes may require a different method of introduction into the MS. Metals and metal ions may be introduced by HPLC if they are in solution but commonly are introduced via AAS or inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Other analytes may be directly introduced from HPLC to MS [2],... 

Krull, I. S. Trace metal analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography, in Liquid chromatography in Environmental Analysis (ed.) Lawrence, J. F., p. 169, Clifton, New Jersey, The Humana Press, Inc. 1984... 

Shi, Z. and Fu, C. (1997) Porphyrins as Ligands for Trace Metal Analysis by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, Talanta 44, 593-604. 

High performance liquid chromatography (Chapter 4) which is displacing conventional column chromatography (Chapter 6) has found numerous applications in the analysis of organic compounds, also metal organic compounds of mercury, tin, arsenic, manganese copper and lead. It has fewer applications in the determinations of anions and cations. 

Rubber industries produce various types of complicated products like tyre, cable, belt, seal, bearings, engine mounts, etc. The products are composed of rubber, plastics, fibre, metal, fillers and many other additives like antioxidants, accelerators, etc. Reverse engineering is a technique by which a rubber technologist can reconstruct the composition of the products based on thermal analysis. Dormagen [178] and Baranwal [179] reconstructed the formulation of a tyre, based on analyses of FTIR, spectra, thermal analysis and high performance liquid chromatography. 

D.F. Hilton and P.R. Ifaddad, Determination of metal-cyano complexes by reversed-phase ion interaction high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to the analysis of precious metals in gold processing solutions,/. Chromaiogr.. 561, 141. 1986. 

N. Yoza, T. Miyaji, Y. Hirai, and S. Ohashi, Determination of Complexing Abilities of Ligands for Metal Ions by Flow Injection Analysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. I. Principles of the Substitution Method. J. Chromatogr., 283 (1984) 89. 

Shih, Y.-T. and Carr, P.W. (1981). Silanization of Stainless Steel Frits for use in Trace Metal Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Talanta, 28, 411. 

Chemical analysis of hazardous substances in air, water, soil, sediment, or solid waste can best be performed by instrumental techniques involving gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), GC/mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA) (for the metals). GC techniques using a flame ionization detector (FID) or electron-capture detector (BCD) are widely used. Other detectors can be used for specific analyses. However, for unknown substances, identification by GC is extremely difficult. The number of pollutants listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are only in the hundreds — in comparison with the thousands of harmful... 

Disposable steel needles used widely in medical practice for drawing of blood samples cannot be used for sampling blood intended for trace metal analysis. Contamination of blood samples by such needles can exceed the actual level of chromium in the sample by a factor of 100-1000. In case liquid chromatography (LC) is used for separation of species, the system inherent contamination has to be taken in account, when using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipment (pumps, valves, columns, capillaries) made from stainless steel. 

The determination of environmental pollutants at trace level is currently a very important and challenging issue. Gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used for the analysis of environmental pollutants but, in recent years, CE has also been used for the determination of environmental pollutants. A search of the literature indicates several reports of the analysis of environmental pollutants by CE, but CE could not have yet achieved a place in the routine analysis of these pollutants. The reason for this is the poor detection of metal ions and anions and the poor reproducibility of CE methods. Therefore, many workers have suggested various modifications and alternatives to make CE a... 

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