High-density lipoprotein females

Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (less than 40 mg/dL or 1.04 mmol/L in males and less than 50 mg/dL or 1.3 mmol/L in females) or active treatment to raise HDL cholesterol. 

Estrogens lower serum cholesterol levels by stimulating the formation of high-density lipoproteins and reducing low-density lipoproteins. Reductions in serum albumin and antithrombin III synthesis can occur in the presence of elevated female sex steroids. 

Clinical findings may include hypertrophied muscles, acne, oily skin, hirsutism in females, gynecomastia in males, and needle punctures. Edema and jaundice may develop in heavy users. Common laboratory abnormalities include elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and depressed high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Liver function test results may be elevated, and luteinizing hormone levels are usually depressed. 

The commonly recognized risk factors for atherosclerosis include increasing age, sex (males > females until menopause, after which the incidence is similar), serum lipid levels (increased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, etc.), diabetes melli-tus, hypertension, and obesity. Other less well recognized but very important risk factors include increased plasma homocysteine, fibrinogen, and coagulation factor VII increased blood hematocrit, leukocyte count (increased neutrophils), and C-reactive protein and clinical depression. 

Williams PT. 1996. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors for coronary heart disease in female runners. A. Engl. J. Med 334(20) 1298-1303. 

It is our primary purpose here to emphasize some potentially important revisions in lipoprotein procedure, including additions to the technology of lipoprotein analysis. At the same time, we wish to present some recent data on lipoprotein composition determined by improved lipid analytical techniques. Finally, as a preliminary application of these techniques, we have included the evaluation of correlations between the major variables studied, including all measiued portions of the low- and high-density lipoprotein spectra as observed in an adult male and female population. 

As described in the previous section, it is possible not only to select any desired output data for statistical evaluation, but to combine such lipoprotein concentrations from any number of individuals or cases. One result obtainable is essentially a mean lipoprotein profile for a given population. We have done this in the adult male and female groups for both the low- and high-density lipoprotein spectra. Presumably the result is equivalent to a lipoprotein pattern that would be obtained if it were possible to make a suitable pool of all sera from each of the population studies. For comparison. Fig. 7 presents simultaneously each of these profiles constructed on an Sf and F-rate scale in which the linear dimensions have been made proportional to the actual templates used for tracing each segment of the schUeren photographs. It should be noted that, as on the template, there are discontinuities in the low-density lipoprotein pattern at Sf 20 and Sf 100. The output data used to obtain these... 

Fig. 7. Comparison profiles of 16 males and 16 females for both low- and high-density lipoprotein spectra, constructed from mean base-of-cell corrected concentrations for the standard intervals of each run type. Averaged concentrations have been F versus C corrected, corrected to standard conditions of temperature and density, and corrected for the Johnston-Ogston effect preceding the base-of-cell correction.

Fig. 6. SDS electrophoresis of Lipoprotein II isolated from hepatopancreas and ovaries of blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Lane I High density lipoproteins from ovaries of Stage 3 female (eggs are 200 to 250 jam) lane II high density lipoproteins from hepatopancreas of Stage 2 female (eggs are 140 to 180 jam) lane III high density lipoproteins from hepatopancreas of immature female lane /Khigh density lipoproteins from hepatopancreas of Stage 3 female Lane V protein standards...

One of the capabilities of the present methodology is the evaluation of potential relationships that may eidst between flotation rate of the major component of the Sf 0-12 lipoprotein class and the concentration of each narrow segment of both the high- and low-density lipoprotein spectra. Such a relationship might indicate, for instance, that a certain lipoprotein proflle is associated with either a slow or fast Sf° rate of the major 0-12 class. In order to visualize such relationships, we have plotted in Fig. 8 the correlation coeflBcients observed between these variables in both our male and female populations. 

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