Windowing data

Population The total number of items of one particular type of equipment in service during the data window. 

Number of demands The number of actual or estimated challenges placed upon a component to perform its function within the data window the demand-related failure probability denominator. 

Data window A time frame established for a given data study. 

Demand spectrum The total number of demands for the data window experienced by the component population, considering test, interface, failure-related maintenance, and automatic and manual initiation demands. 

Next, simply select the normal ranges sheet and click Open to advance to the Import Data window. That window looks like the following for your Excel file ... 

For longer boreholes the data may need to be synchronized by comparing the return temperature not with the current time step but with the time step— n, where n is the travel time. The error minimized is the sum square error of the difference between the calculated and measured borehole heat exchanger return temperature. We have set up the analyses procedure in such a way that it is easy to select discrete data-windows for the calibration. 

In this paper we present for the first time a test that combines heat extraction and heat injection pulses in one experiment. It is expected that differences in the ground thermal conductivity, when different data windows are used to obtain an estimate, can be related to advection and convection of ground water. The real ground conductivity should be derived from the experimental data where the response is close to or lower than the natural ground temperature, minimizing effects of advection and convection. First results, for a case of no ground water flow, show that estimates of ground thermal conductivity are very comparable for the different data windows. 

Note that the parameters for LC Systems 1 and 2 do not have to be equal and that LC System 1 may perform a different assay from System 2 (column, mobile phase, assay run time, and data window may be different). The batches performed on both systems may also contain different numbers of samples. 

This hypothetical system requires minimal user inputs to determine a data window automatically from reference injections or prior history of the method and coordinate the LC and MS components as well as the LIMS system. This scheme is achievable with a small set of components but requires an industry-wide standard for component flexibility. 

FIGURE 4.18 Determination of data window. Final data window should span (include) data windows of new and old columns. It should also include a region on each end of the data window to establish a chromatographic baseline. The illustrations were created with Microsoft Excel . 

Figure 4.22 presents the maximum number of LCs that may be used as a function of the width of data window and might be helpful for determining the number of LC units needed. 

Regarding the three adjustable parameters for Savitsky-Golay derivatives, the window width essentially determines the amount of smoothing that accompanies the derivative. For rather noisy data, it can be advantageous to use higher window widths, although this also deteriorates the resolution improvement of the derivative. The polynomial order is typically set to two, meaning that the derivative is calcnlated based on the best fits of the local data windows to a second-order polynomial. The derivative order, of conrse, dictates... 

The simplest data reduction algorithm for FIDs consists in averaging the magnitudes of the complex FID signal over a data window positioned within its starting portion (Fig. 26). The window can be freely positioned in a way to cut out any dead-time distortions and, at the same time, minimize field-fluctuation effects. 

Fig. 26. Example of the data reduction process. Each data block of a multi-block sequence (in this case simple FIDs) is reduced to a single value by means of averaging over a predefined data window and plotted against the block s x-value. The resulting relaxation curve is then fitted to estimate its decay rate(s). The algorithm gives a lot of freedom in setting the data window and including/excluding any number of initial or final blocks. Notice that in the PP case shown here, the T-value decreases from left to right. This helps to minimize thermal variations of the magnet.

Step 6. Perform the McCabe-Thiele equilibrium stage steps. Figure 7.5 displays the data points inputted for the first equilibrium step. As in all the other steps, here too the user may change any of the data in the boxed area of columns C and D before bringing up the Source Data window. 

IS File Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help... 

In Excel 2000 for Windows, the Worksheet Menu Bar has the following pulldown menus File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Data, Window and Help. The File, Edit, Format and Window menus are discussed in this chapter. Commands in other menus will be discussed in later chapters. 

The present study considered four production periods with stabilized operational conditions (3 temporal data windows for estimation and 1 for validation). The samples were collected every 4 hours for both input (Table 1) and output (viscosity) variables. 

A non-parametric test is the Reverse Arrangements Test, in which a statistic, called 2I, is calculated in order to assess the trend of a time series. The exact procedure of calculation as well as tables containing confidence intervals is described in Bendat Piersol (2000). If A is too big or too small compared to these standard values could mean there is a significant trend in the data, therefore the process should not be considered in steady state. The test is applied sequentially to data windows of a given... 

The data used in subspace state-space model development consists of the time series data of output and input variables. For illustration, assume a case with only output data and the objective is to build a model of the form Eq. 4.62. Since the whole data set is already known, it can be partitioned as past and future with respect to any sampling time. Defining a past data window of length K and a future data window of length J that are shifted from the beginning to the end of the data set, stacked vectors of data are formed. The Hankel matrix (Eq. 4.64) is used to develop subspace... 

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